Physical chemistry - butsurikagaku (English spelling) physical chemistry

Japanese: 物理化学 - ぶつりかがく(英語表記)physical chemistry
Physical chemistry - butsurikagaku (English spelling) physical chemistry

A branch of chemistry that uses theories of physics and physical measurement techniques to study the structure, properties, and reactions of chemical substances. It was once called theoretical chemistry because it uses theories based on physics to explain various chemical phenomena. Chemistry is the study of the mechanisms and changes of substances, with "inorganic chemistry" dealing with inorganic compounds and "organic chemistry" dealing with carbon compounds, and "physical chemistry" studying the unified story of compounds in general. However, in recent years, "organometallic chemistry" has been born at the boundary between inorganic compounds and carbon compounds, and with the emergence of "physical organic chemistry" and "inorganic physical properties chemistry," it can be said that the old division of chemistry into three fields, "physical chemistry," "inorganic chemistry," and "organic chemistry," no longer has much meaning. Here, "physical chemistry" refers to the field that explores the common factors that exist in all substances.

[Takashi Shimozawa]

Three fields of physical chemistry and their subjects

Structural chemistry - determining the structure of a substance

The assembly of matter is determined by the arrangement of atoms and ions. This field is structural chemistry, which studies the structure of matter using physical measurement methods. Broadly speaking, there are spectroscopy, diffraction, thermal methods, and magnetic methods. All of these are based on theories of physics, particularly quantum mechanics and quantum statistical mechanics, and made great advances after World War II. In recent years, determining molecular structure in the ground state is no longer a subject of physical chemistry research, and even non-specialists in structural chemistry can determine molecular structure using commercially available measuring equipment.

Historically, structural chemistry began with van't Hoff's structure of methane. This was a purely chemical method. However, with the birth of quantum mechanics, which began with Bohr's atomic model, the energy levels of the quantum world were calculated using Schrödinger's wave equation, and this principle blossomed into the molecular orbital method, and with the advancement of computers, it became possible to determine the structures of complex molecules.

[Takashi Shimozawa]

Physical Chemistry - Elucidating the Properties of Materials

Once the structure of a substance has been determined, it is possible to predict its properties and artificially create substances with certain properties. The field of research that focuses on the properties of substances is called physical chemistry. This research requires basic knowledge of structural chemistry. Measurement methods used include those used to determine structure, as well as electric fields and sound waves. In recent years, basic research in this field has been widely applied, making a significant contribution to the development of industry in Japan. For example, liquid crystals, electrical components (including semiconductors, transistors, and LSIs), memory alloys, ceramics, and various types of membranes are some of the results of physical chemistry.

Condensed matter chemistry has its origins in thermodynamics, but today quantum mechanics and statistical mechanics have been added to it, resulting in the development of solid state theory, with computers also being used here, contributing to the development of new materials.

[Takashi Shimozawa]

Chemical Reaction Theory - Chemical Reaction Mechanism

Chemical changes in substances are the rearrangement of atoms and ions, and are collectively called "chemical reactions." Historically, the composition of reactants and products were compared to infer the progress of a reaction, but today, it is possible to capture intermediates that are generated during a reaction and discuss chemical reactions in detail. This is chemical reaction theory. This is also a branch of physical chemistry, and today's structural chemistry can determine the structure of short-lived compounds, so it has become possible to accurately capture the molecular structure of intermediates. Currently, the shortest measurement time is one picosecond (10 -12 seconds), so the structure of intermediates with a short lifespan can be determined. Therefore, instead of inferring intermediates from compounds before and after the reaction as in the past, it is becoming possible to elucidate the progress of reactions as real substances, even though they have a short lifespan. These states are collectively called excited states, and with the advancement of molecular orbital calculations, theoretical verification of spectroscopic data is also a research subject. In other words, structural chemistry has progressed from determining static (ground state) structures to elucidating dynamic (excited state) molecular structures, which has led to the elucidation of chemical reactions.

[Takashi Shimozawa]

"The Shape and Function of Molecules" by Takahito Takeuchi (1978, Iwanami Shoten)""Introduction to Chemistry for Research on Physical Properties" edited by the "Bussei" Editorial Committee (1974, Maki Shoten)""Approach to Chemical Reaction Theory" by Fumio Kitahara, supervised by Yu Yoshino (1971, Rigaku Shoin)"

[References] | Chemical reactions | Structural chemistry | Physical properties

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

物理学の理論と物理的な測定技術を用いて化学物質の構造・性質・反応を研究する化学の一分野。化学の諸現象を物理学に基礎を置く理論で解明することから、一時は理論化学theoretical chemistryとよばれたことがある。化学は物質の仕組みと変化を探る学問で、「無機化学」は無機化合物を、「有機化学」は炭素化合物を扱っており、化合物全般について統一的な筋立てを研究するのが「物理化学」であるとされてきた。しかし近年、無機化合物と炭素化合物との境界に「有機金属化学」が誕生し、また「物理有機化学」や「無機物性化学」など、昔日の「物理化学」「無機化学」「有機化学」という化学の3分野の分属法はあまり大きな意味をもたなくなっているといえる。ここでは「物理化学」は、あらゆる物質の中に存在する共通の要因を探る分野をさすことにする。

[下沢 隆]

物理化学の3分野とその対象

構造化学――物質の構造決定

物質の組立ては、原子やイオンの並び方によって決定される。この分野が構造化学で、物理的な測定手段を用いて物質の構造を研究する。大別して分光法、回折法、熱的手段、磁気的手段になっている。いずれも物理学の理論とくに量子力学・量子統計力学を基礎としており、第二次世界大戦後に大きな進歩を遂げた。最近では基底状態における分子構造の決定は物理化学の研究対象ではなくなりつつあり、構造化学の専門家でなくとも市販の測定装置を用いて分子の構造が決定できるようになっている。

 歴史的には構造化学はファント・ホッフのメタンの構造に端を発する。これはまったく化学的手法であった。しかし、ボーアの原子モデルに端を発する量子力学の誕生により、シュレーディンガーの波動方程式を用いた量子の世界のエネルギー準位が計算され、その原理が分子軌道法として開花し、コンピュータの進歩により、複雑な分子の構造も決定できるようになったのである。

[下沢 隆]

物性化学――物質の性質解明

物質の構造が決定されると、物質の性質を予知し、人為的にある性質をもつ物質をつくりだすことが可能である。物質の性質に注目する研究分野を物性化学という。この研究には構造化学の基礎知識が必要である。測定手段は、構造の決定に用いられるもののほか、電場・音波も用いられる。最近ではこの分野の基礎研究が広く応用面に活用され、わが国の産業の進展に大きく貢献している。たとえば、液晶、電気の部品(半導体やトランジスタ、LSIまでを含む)、記憶合金、セラミックス、各種の膜などが物性化学の成果としてあげられよう。

 物性化学は、熱力学に端を発するが、今日は量子力学・統計力学を加えた量子統計力学が固体論の発展を促し、ここでもコンピュータが活用されて、新物質の開発に力となっている。

[下沢 隆]

化学反応論――化学反応機構

物質の変化は、化学的には原子・イオンの組み替えであり、これを総称して「化学反応」という。歴史的には反応物の組成と生成物の組成を比較し、反応の途中経過を類推していたが、今日では反応の途中で生成する反応中間体をとらえ、化学反応を詳細に議論できるようになった。これが化学反応論である。これも物理化学の一分野であり、今日の構造化学は寿命の短い化合物の構造の決定ができるようになったため、反応中間体の分子構造を正確にとらえることができるようになってきた。現在、最短の測定時間は一ピコ秒(10-12秒)であるから、寿命がその程度に短い反応中間体の構造が決定できる。したがって、昔のように反応の前後の化合物から中間体を類推するのではなく、寿命は短いけれど実在の物質として反応の途中を解明することができるようになりつつある。これらの状態は励起状態と総称されており、分子軌道法の計算の進歩に伴って分光学のデータを理論的に立証することも研究対象となっている。つまり、構造化学は、静的な(基底状態の)構造決定から、動的な(励起状態の)分子構造の解明へと進展し、それが化学反応の解明につながっているといえる。

[下沢 隆]

『竹内敬人著『分子の形とはたらき』(1978・岩波書店)』『「物性」編集委員会編『物性研究のための化学入門』(1974・槇書店)』『好野雄監修・北原文雄著『化学反応論へのアプローチ』(1971・理学書院)』

[参照項目] | 化学反応 | 構造化学 | 物性論

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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