When a liquid vaporizes, the vapor pressure increases with temperature. As the vapor pressure increases, vaporization occurs inside the liquid and bubbles come out to the surface; this is the phenomenon in which the liquid vaporizes from the inside. Generally, boiling occurs at a temperature slightly higher than the boiling point. The boiling point is the temperature at which the liquid phase and its saturated vapor coexist in equilibrium, while the saturated vapor pressure is the pressure of the gas phase in equilibrium with the flat liquid surface. However, bubbles that form inside a liquid are surrounded by the concave surface of the liquid, so the pressure inside the bubbles must be greater than the pressure of the liquid due to surface tension. Bubbles with saturated vapor pressure equivalent to the boiling point are crushed by surface tension and cannot vaporize. For this reason, in order to vaporize bubbles inside a liquid, the temperature must be made much higher than the boiling point so that the pressure inside the bubbles overcomes the surface tension. For this reason, extremely pure liquids can remain without boiling even when heated to a temperature much higher than the boiling point. Such liquids are said to be in a superheated state, and this phenomenon is called delayed boiling. In reality, air adsorbed to the walls of the container or to debris in the liquid is released to form bubbles, which then grow as the liquid vaporizes into them, allowing the liquid to boil at a temperature just slightly higher than the boiling point. The phenomenon in which liquid begins to suddenly boil for the first time when it becomes overheated is called bumping. When a solution consisting of two volatile components is in equilibrium with vapor, the temperature at which the vapor pressure becomes 1 atmosphere depends on the composition of the solution, so a curve plotting this temperature versus composition is called a boiling curve or evaporation curve. The heat required for a liquid to turn into a gas at the boiling point is a type of latent heat, called the heat of vaporization or evaporation heat. This is equal to the heat of condensation released when a gas becomes a liquid. [Kenichi Hirano] [Reference] | | | | |Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
液体が気化して蒸発するとき蒸気圧が温度とともに増大するが、蒸気圧が増して液体内部で気化がおきて泡になって表面に出て行く現象、すなわち液体が内部から気化する現象をいう。一般に沸騰は沸点よりやや高い温度でおこる。沸点は液相がその飽和蒸気と平衡を保って共存する温度であるが、飽和蒸気圧というのは平らな液面と接して平衡にある気相の圧力である。しかし液体内部にできる気泡は液体の凹面で囲まれているため、表面張力によって気泡内の圧力は液体の圧力より大きくなければならない。沸点に相当する飽和蒸気圧の気泡は表面張力のために押しつぶされてしまって気化することができない。このため、液体内部の気泡を気化させるためには、沸点よりもかなり高い温度にして気泡内の圧力が表面張力に打ち勝つようにしなければならない。このためきわめて純粋な液体は沸点よりかなり高い温度まで加熱しても沸騰しないままでいることができる。このような液体を過熱状態にあるといい、この現象を沸騰の遅れという。実際には容器の壁や液中のごみなどに吸着していた空気が解放されて泡となり、その中に液体が気化していって泡が成長することができるので、沸点よりごくわずか高い温度で沸騰することができる。過熱状態になって初めて突発的に沸騰し始める現象は突沸とよばれている。 揮発性の2成分からなる溶液が蒸気と平衡を保つ場合に、その蒸気圧が1気圧となる温度は溶液の組成に依存するので、この温度を組成に対して描いたものを沸騰曲線または蒸発曲線とよんでいる。沸点において液体が気体に変わるために必要な熱は潜熱の一種であり、気化熱または蒸発熱という。これは気体から液体になるときに放出される凝縮熱に等しい。 [平野賢一] [参照項目] | | | | |出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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