Buchanan, James

Japanese: ブキャナン(英語表記)Buchanan, James
Buchanan, James
Born April 23, 1791, near Mercersburg, Pennsylvania
[Died] June 1, 1868. Born near Lancaster, Pennsylvania. 15th President of the United States (in office 1857-61). Started as a lawyer, then served as a Federalist member of the Pennsylvania House of Representatives (1814-16), a member of the U.S. House of Representatives (1821-31), and Japanese envoy to Russia (1832-33). Around this time, he became a Democrat and served as a U.S. Senator (1834-45) and Secretary of State under President J. Polk (1845-49). In 1853, while serving as ambassador to Great Britain, he participated in drafting the Ostend Declaration, which forced Spain to cede Cuba. Elected president in 1856. While he believed that slavery was evil, he opposed interference with slavery in the territories in order to develop the American West, and tried to reach a compromise between the North and the South, but all efforts failed, leading to the split of the Democratic Party. When southern states began to secede from the Union in 1860, the Republicans condemned the move, but took the position that they could not use force to stop the secession, because the Constitution did not contain any provision regarding secession.

Buchanan
Buchanan, James M.

Born October 2, 1919 in Murfreesboro, Tennessee
[Died] January 9, 2013. Blacksburg, Virginia. American economist. Full name James McGill Buchanan. Graduated from the University of Tennessee. Earned his PhD from the University of Chicago. Founded the Center for Public Choice Studies at George Mason University and became its director. Supported the idea of ​​"small government" (cheap government). Famous for his criticism of Keynesian macro-fiscal policy. Researched the integration of political science and economics as an analytical method. Pointed out that the behavior of interest groups and voters strongly influences government budget decisions. Incorporated new methods into the analysis of political and economic decision-making processes, elucidated their structure, and played a pioneering role in the development of public choice theory. His work The Calculus of Consent (1962), co-authored with Gordon Tullock, is a foundational text on the theory. Although his research was considered somewhat fringe as a theoretical economist, he was awarded the Nobel Prize in Economic Sciences in 1986 in recognition of his achievements.

Buchanan
Buchanan, George

Born February 1506 near Killearn, Stirlingshire
Died: September 29, 1582. Edinburgh. Scottish scholar. Persecuted by D. Beaton for his Protestant beliefs, he fled to the continent and taught at a university in France, then went to Portugal. Returning to England in 1560, he served as Mary Stuart's Latin tutor. However, he was critical of the Catholic queen, and in 1568 he attended the court of York where the queen was tried as a member of the Scottish committee. In 1570, he served as tutor to the infant King James VI (Ist of England). Later, he became Lord Keeper of the Great Seal and a member of parliament. One of the leading Latin scholars of his time, he wrote De Jure Regni apud Scotos (1579), which justified rebellion against tyrants, Detectio Mariae Reginae (71), and Rerum Scoticarum historia (16th century history), which deals with the 16th century.

Buchanan
Buchanan, Franklin

Born: September 17, 1800, Baltimore, Maryland
Died May 11, 1874. Maryland, Talbot. American naval officer. He was instrumental in establishing the Naval Academy in Annapolis and became its first president (1845). He participated in M. Perry's expedition to Japan as captain of the flagship "Susquehanna" (1852-1854). During the American Civil War, he served in the Confederate Navy, commanding the Chesapeake Bay Fleet, including the "Merrimack," and sunk the Union Navy's "Cumberland" and "Congress" at Hampton Roads in 1862.

Buchanan
Buchanan, Sir George William

Born: November 25, 1854 in Copenhagen
[Died] December 20, 1924. London. British diplomat. A typical Victorian-era diplomat. After serving in Rome, the Netherlands, and other places from 1876, he became ambassador to Russia in 1910. He worked to maintain the Anglo-Russian Entente. After the outbreak of World War I, he opposed pro-German tendencies in Russia, and experienced the Russian Revolution in 1917. He returned to Britain in January 1918 and advocated armed intervention in revolutionary Russia. He was ambassador to Italy from 1919 to 1921.

Buchanan
Buchanan

Also known as Grand Bassa. A port city in south-central Liberia facing the Atlantic Ocean. Port facilities were developed in 1963, and with the completion of a railway line from the iron ore region of the Nimba Mountains in the north, it became the country's largest iron ore export port. Other exports include rubber, palm oil, and palm kernels. In 1968, Africa's first ore washing and pelletizing plant was built. Population: 25,000 (1988 estimate).

Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia About Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia Information

Japanese:
[生]1791.4.23. ペンシルバニア,マーサーズバーグ近郊
[没]1868.6.1. ペンシルバニア,ランカスター近郊
アメリカの政治家。第 15代大統領 (在任 1857~61) 。初めは弁護士,その後連邦派としてペンシルバニア州下院議員 (14~16) ,連邦下院議員 (21~31) ,ロシア駐在公使 (32~33) 。この頃から民主党員となり,連邦上院議員 (34~45) ,J.ポーク大統領のもとで国務長官 (45~49) をつとめた。 1853年イギリス駐在大使のときスペインにキューバの割譲を迫るオステンド宣言の起草に参加。 56年の大統領選挙で当選。みずからは奴隷制を悪としながら,アメリカの西部発展のため,准州での奴隷制への干渉に反対し,南北の妥協に努めたが,ことごとく失敗し,民主党の分裂を招いた。 60年南部諸州の連邦脱退が始ると,それを非難しながらも憲法に連邦脱退に関する条文がないことを理由に,武力を用いて離脱を阻止することはできないという立場を取った。

ブキャナン
Buchanan, James M.

[生]1919.10.2. テネシー,マーフリーズバラ
[没]2013.1.9. バージニア,ブラックスバーグ
アメリカ合衆国の経済学者。フルネーム James McGill Buchanan。テネシー大学卒業。シカゴ大学で博士号取得。ジョージ・メーソン大学の公共選択研究センターを設立,所長となる。「小さな政府」構想の支持者(→安価な政府)。ケインズ的マクロ財政政策に対する批判で有名。その分析手法として政治学と経済学の一体化を研究。利益団体や投票者の行動が政府予算の決定に強く反映することを指摘。政治的・経済的意思決定プロセスの分析に新しい手法を取り入れ,その構造を解明し,公共選択論の発展に先駆的役割を果たした。ゴードン・タロックとの共著『同意算定論』The Calculus of Consent(1962)は同理論の基礎文献である。理論経済学者としてはやや傍流に属する研究とも考えられていたが,その功績が認められ 1986年ノーベル経済学賞受賞。

ブキャナン
Buchanan, George

[生]1506.2. スターリングシャー,キラーン付近
[没]1582.9.29. エディンバラ
スコットランドの学者。プロテスタント信仰のため D.ビートンに迫害され,大陸に逃れてフランスの大学で教え,次いでポルトガルにおもむいた。 1560年帰国してメアリー・スチュアートのラテン語の家庭教師をつとめた。しかしカトリック教徒の女王には批判的で,68年女王を審問したヨークでの法廷ではスコットランド側委員として出席。 70年幼王ジェームズ6世 (イングランド王としては1世) の家庭教師。のち,国璽尚書や議員にもなった。当代有数のラテン語学者で『スコットランド王国の法』 De Jure Regni apud Scotos (1579) で専制者への反逆を正当化したほか,『メアリー女王の真相』 Detectio Mariae Reginae (71) や,16世紀を扱った『スコットランド史』 Rerum Scoticarum historia (82) などを著わした。

ブキャナン
Buchanan, Franklin

[生]1800.9.17. メリーランド,ボルティモア
[没]1874.5.11. メリーランド,タルボット
アメリカの海軍軍人。アナポリスの海軍兵学校設立に尽力し,初代校長となった (1845) 。 M.ペリーの日本遠征には旗艦『サスケハナ』号艦長として参加 (52~54) 。南北戦争の際には南部連合海軍で活躍,『メリマック』号を含めたチェサピーク湾艦隊を指揮し,1862年ハンプトンローズで北軍海軍の『カンバーランド』号と『コングレス』号を撃沈した。

ブキャナン
Buchanan, Sir George William

[生]1854.11.25. コペンハーゲン
[没]1924.12.20. ロンドン
イギリスの外交官。ビクトリア朝時代の典型的外交官。 1876年よりローマ,オランダなど各地で勤務したのち,1910年ロシア大使。英露協商を維持するために努力。第1次世界大戦勃発後はロシア内の親ドイツ的傾向と対抗,17年ロシア革命を体験。 18年1月イギリスに戻り,革命ロシアへの武力干渉を主張。 19~21年イタリア大使。

ブキャナン
Buchanan

別称グランドバサ Grand Bassa。リベリア中南部,大西洋にのぞむ港湾都市。 1963年に港湾施設が整備され,北部のニンバ山地の鉄鉱石地帯からの鉄道の完成に伴い,同国一の鉄鉱石輸出港となった。ほかにゴム,パーム油,パーム核を輸出。 68年にはアフリカ初の洗鉱,ペレット化の工場が建設された。人口2万 5000 (1988推計) 。

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