Born April 23, 1791, near Mercersburg, Pennsylvania [Died] June 1, 1868. Born near Lancaster, Pennsylvania. 15th President of the United States (in office 1857-61). Started as a lawyer, then served as a Federalist member of the Pennsylvania House of Representatives (1814-16), a member of the U.S. House of Representatives (1821-31), and Japanese envoy to Russia (1832-33). Around this time, he became a Democrat and served as a U.S. Senator (1834-45) and Secretary of State under President J. Polk (1845-49). In 1853, while serving as ambassador to Great Britain, he participated in drafting the Ostend Declaration, which forced Spain to cede Cuba. Elected president in 1856. While he believed that slavery was evil, he opposed interference with slavery in the territories in order to develop the American West, and tried to reach a compromise between the North and the South, but all efforts failed, leading to the split of the Democratic Party. When southern states began to secede from the Union in 1860, the Republicans condemned the move, but took the position that they could not use force to stop the secession, because the Constitution did not contain any provision regarding secession. Buchanan Buchanan, James M. Born October 2, 1919 in Murfreesboro, Tennessee [Died] January 9, 2013. Blacksburg, Virginia. American economist. Full name James McGill Buchanan. Graduated from the University of Tennessee. Earned his PhD from the University of Chicago. Founded the Center for Public Choice Studies at George Mason University and became its director. Supported the idea of "small government" (cheap government). Famous for his criticism of Keynesian macro-fiscal policy. Researched the integration of political science and economics as an analytical method. Pointed out that the behavior of interest groups and voters strongly influences government budget decisions. Incorporated new methods into the analysis of political and economic decision-making processes, elucidated their structure, and played a pioneering role in the development of public choice theory. His work The Calculus of Consent (1962), co-authored with Gordon Tullock, is a foundational text on the theory. Although his research was considered somewhat fringe as a theoretical economist, he was awarded the Nobel Prize in Economic Sciences in 1986 in recognition of his achievements. Buchanan Buchanan, George Born February 1506 near Killearn, Stirlingshire Died: September 29, 1582. Edinburgh. Scottish scholar. Persecuted by D. Beaton for his Protestant beliefs, he fled to the continent and taught at a university in France, then went to Portugal. Returning to England in 1560, he served as Mary Stuart's Latin tutor. However, he was critical of the Catholic queen, and in 1568 he attended the court of York where the queen was tried as a member of the Scottish committee. In 1570, he served as tutor to the infant King James VI (Ist of England). Later, he became Lord Keeper of the Great Seal and a member of parliament. One of the leading Latin scholars of his time, he wrote De Jure Regni apud Scotos (1579), which justified rebellion against tyrants, Detectio Mariae Reginae (71), and Rerum Scoticarum historia (16th century history), which deals with the 16th century. Buchanan Buchanan, Franklin Born: September 17, 1800, Baltimore, Maryland Died May 11, 1874. Maryland, Talbot. American naval officer. He was instrumental in establishing the Naval Academy in Annapolis and became its first president (1845). He participated in M. Perry's expedition to Japan as captain of the flagship "Susquehanna" (1852-1854). During the American Civil War, he served in the Confederate Navy, commanding the Chesapeake Bay Fleet, including the "Merrimack," and sunk the Union Navy's "Cumberland" and "Congress" at Hampton Roads in 1862. Buchanan Buchanan, Sir George William Born: November 25, 1854 in Copenhagen [Died] December 20, 1924. London. British diplomat. A typical Victorian-era diplomat. After serving in Rome, the Netherlands, and other places from 1876, he became ambassador to Russia in 1910. He worked to maintain the Anglo-Russian Entente. After the outbreak of World War I, he opposed pro-German tendencies in Russia, and experienced the Russian Revolution in 1917. He returned to Britain in January 1918 and advocated armed intervention in revolutionary Russia. He was ambassador to Italy from 1919 to 1921. Buchanan Buchanan Also known as Grand Bassa. A port city in south-central Liberia facing the Atlantic Ocean. Port facilities were developed in 1963, and with the completion of a railway line from the iron ore region of the Nimba Mountains in the north, it became the country's largest iron ore export port. Other exports include rubber, palm oil, and palm kernels. In 1968, Africa's first ore washing and pelletizing plant was built. Population: 25,000 (1988 estimate). Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia About Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia Information |