A general term for appliances that consume electricity, such as electric lights, televisions, air conditioners, and electric motors. It is also called demand, and is a term used for generators, power sources, batteries, and other things that generate electricity. Loads are classified in various ways according to the type of equipment, electrical characteristics, and supply conditions. In terms of equipment type, they are broadly divided into electric lighting loads, electric motor loads, and arc furnace loads. Electric lighting loads include incandescent lamps, fluorescent lamps, and mercury lamps. Electric motor loads include a wide variety of equipment, such as air conditioners, washing machines, refrigerators, pumps, elevators, and conveyor belts, and account for the majority of loads. Arc furnace loads include arc furnaces used in smelting aluminum and other metals. They are also classified into continuous loads and intermittent loads depending on whether the power consumption is continuous or intermittent. The former includes electric lighting loads, pumps, and conveyor belts, but most are intermittent loads. In particular, arc furnace loads have large and irregular fluctuations in power consumption, and can cause flickering of lights (voltage flicker) for nearby consumers due to fluctuations in the system voltage, so appropriate equipment measures may be required. Furthermore, static converters that use semiconductor elements such as thyristors to convert power frequency and voltage or control the speed of electric motors, as well as televisions, are sometimes called harmonic generating loads because they distort the waveform of the load current and cause harmonics to flow into the power grid. Depending on the amount of leakage and system conditions, this can cause capacitors and other devices to overheat and burn out. The load on the power system fluctuates from moment to moment depending on the time of day, season, weather, etc., but generally it is higher in summer and winter due to the effects of air conditioning and heating, and also tends to be higher during the day and when the lights are on. Since the power system equipment needs to have a capacity that can handle this maximum load, if the ratio of the average load to the maximum load, that is, the load factor, is low, the utilization rate of the equipment will be low and the cost of electricity will increase. For this reason, efforts are being made to level out the load by developing night-time loads such as electric water heaters. [Takayuki Matsuda] Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
電灯、テレビ、エアコン、電動機など電気を消費する機器を総称していう。発電機、電源、電池など電気を発生させるものに対することばであり、需要ともよばれる。負荷は機器種別、電気的特性、供給条件などによっていろいろに分類される。機器種別では電灯負荷、電動機負荷、アーク炉負荷などに大別される。電灯負荷には白熱電灯、蛍光灯、水銀灯などが含まれる。電動機負荷にはクーラー、洗濯機、冷蔵庫、ポンプ、エレベーター、ベルトコンベヤーなど多種多様な機器が含まれ、負荷の大半を占める。アーク炉負荷はアルミニウムなど金属製錬用のアーク炉が該当する。また、消費電力が連続的であるか断続的であるかによって連続負荷と断続負荷に分類される。前者には電灯負荷、ポンプ、ベルトコンベヤーなどが含まれるが、ほとんどは後者の断続負荷である。とくに、アーク炉負荷は消費電力の変動が大きく、かつ不規則であり、系統電圧の変動による近隣需要家の照明のちらつき(電圧フリッカー)を引き起こすので適当な設備対策が必要となる場合もある。 さらに、サイリスタのような半導体素子を用いて電源周波数や電圧を変換したり、電動機の速度制御を行ったりする静止型変換機器、テレビなどは、負荷電流の波形がひずみ、電力系統に高調波を流出させることから高調波発生負荷とよぶこともある。流出量、系統条件などによってはコンデンサーなど機器の過熱、焼損を生じるおそれがある。 電力系統の負荷は時間帯、季節、気候などによって時々刻々と変動するが、一般的には夏・冬に冷暖房の影響で大きく、また、1日のうちでは昼間および点灯時に大きい傾向がある。電力系統の設備はこの最大負荷に対応した容量が必要となるので、平均負荷の最大負荷に対する比率、すなわち負荷率が低いと、設備の利用率が小さくなり電気のコストが増加する。このため、電気温水器のような夜間負荷の開拓などによる負荷の平坦(へいたん)化(ロードレベリング)が進められている。 [松田高幸] 出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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