Endemic disease

Japanese: 風土病 - ふうどびょう(英語表記)endemic disease
Endemic disease

A disease that has been prevalent in a certain area for a long time, specifically a special disease that has arisen as a result of a complex interplay between the natural environment of the area, such as the climate, biology, and soil, and the customs, habits, and traditions of the local inhabitants. In general, the mortality rate among the local inhabitants is not very high, but they are characterized by being difficult to eradicate. They are also called endemic diseases, but although both share the meaning of being a disease limited to a certain area, it would be more appropriate to call them endemic diseases because of their close relationship with the local climate and environment.

Many endemic diseases are infectious and sometimes spread to other regions in the form of epidemics. However, some diseases are not transmitted from person to person or animal to person at all. Examples include Aso volcanic disease and mottled teeth, which are caused by excessive fluoride in drinking water, as well as locally seen goiter, which is said to be caused by iodine deficiency, and bone softening (rickets) and vitamin C deficiency (scurvy), which are caused by vitamin deficiency. In the case of parasitic diseases, if they are widespread in a certain region, they are treated as endemic. Examples include Japanese schistosomiasis, paragonimiasis, and liver fluke disease, which are considered to be typical endemic diseases in Japan, as well as tapeworm disease and filariasis.

In addition, the original infectious diseases such as malaria, cholera, yellow fever, plague, dysentery, typhoid fever, paratyphoid fever, dengue fever, Japanese encephalitis, tularemia, sleeping sickness, and scrub typhus were all diseases that were common in certain regions and were endemic in nature. Some of them are endemic in tropical regions and are sometimes called tropical diseases.

In addition, there are many other endemic diseases known to exist in foreign countries, such as Rocky Mountain spotted fever, a type of rickettsial infection that occurs sporadically in the mountain forest regions of North America; Chagas disease, a type of trypanosomiasis that is transmitted through the bite of assassin bugs found in South America; and schistosomiasis Mansoni, which is endemic in Africa.

[Noriaki Yanagishita]

[References] | Liver fluke | Schistosomal fluke | Sleeping sickness | Tsutsugamushi | Tropical disease | Paragonimus | Filariasis

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

ある一定の地域に限って昔から多発、蔓延(まんえん)している疾患で、とくにその土地の風土、気候、生物、土壌などの自然環境と、その地方の住民の風俗、習慣、因襲などが複雑に絡み合って生じた特殊な疾患をさす。一般に、その地方の住民に対する死亡率はあまり高くないが、根絶しにくいのが特徴である。地方病ともよばれるが、ある地方に限局される疾患という意味では共通しているものの、風土環境と密接な関係をもつ点では風土病とよぶほうが適切である。

 風土病の多くは感染性で、ときに流行の型をとって他の地方にも広がることがある。しかし、なかには人から人、あるいは動物から人へといった感染経路をまったくとらないものもある。たとえば、飲料水にフッ素が過剰に含まれているためにおこるという阿蘇(あそ)火山病や斑(はん)状歯のほか、地方的にみられる甲状腺腫(せんしゅ)はヨード不足によるといわれ、さらにビタミン欠乏による骨軟化症(くる病)やビタミンC欠乏症(壊血病)などもその例である。また寄生虫症の場合も、ある地方に濃厚に広がっているものは風土病として扱われる。日本の風土病で典型的なものの一つとされている日本住血吸虫症、肺吸虫症、肝吸虫症などのほか、条虫症や糸状虫症(フィラリア症)などがその例である。

 なお、本来の感染症であるマラリア、コレラ、黄熱、ペスト、赤痢、腸チフス、パラチフス、デング熱、日本脳炎、野兎(やと)病、睡眠病、ツツガムシ病などは、すべて一定の地方では常在していた疾患であり、風土病的色彩が濃いものである。なかには、熱帯地方に風土病的にみられるものがあり、まとめて熱帯病とよぶこともある。

 このほか、外国の風土病としては、リケッチア感染症の一種である北アメリカの山林地域に散発するロッキー山紅斑熱、トリパノソーマ感染症の一種である南アメリカに分布するサシガメに刺されて感染するシャーガス病、アフリカに常在するマンソン住血吸虫症など、数多くの風土病が知られている。

[柳下徳雄]

[参照項目] | 肝吸虫 | 住血吸虫 | 睡眠病 | ツツガムシ | 熱帯病 | 肺吸虫 | フィラリア症

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