Photochemical decomposition occurs when light is absorbed. It is broadly divided into direct photolysis and photosensitized decomposition. Direct photolysis is a reaction in which the molecule that absorbs light itself decomposes, while photosensitized decomposition is a reaction in which other molecules receive energy from the photosensitizer that absorbs light and decompose. According to Einstein's second law of light, wavelengths of 200 and 300 nanometers (ultraviolet rays) and 400 and 500 nanometers (visible light) have energies of 598, 398, 299, and 239 kilojoules (kJ) per Einstein (E. 1E = 6.02 x 1023 photons), respectively. The dissociation energy of covalent bonds in organic compounds is approximately 150 to 568 kJ per mole, and since the energy of the photon exceeds the bond energy, light in this wavelength range has enough energy to cleave chemical bonds and cause photolysis. There are two types of decomposition, radical decomposition and ionic decomposition, which are closely related to whether the photoexcited state is singlet or triplet (Salem's theory). As an example of the distinction between radical decomposition and ionic decomposition, the reaction of hydrogen bromide HBr into H and Br proceeds according to the following reaction in an aqueous solution, and the H-Br bond is decomposed into H + and Br - . In this case, both valence electrons that formed the H-Br bond are transferred to Br, which has a negative charge, and H, which has donated an electron to Br, has a positive charge. This reaction in which a bond is broken and ions are produced is called ionic decomposition of a bond. In contrast, when gaseous HBr is irradiated with light, the H-Br bond shares one valence electron (.) and decomposes into one hydrogen atom H. and one bromine atom Br. In this decomposition, the H-Br bond is broken to produce two radicals, so it is called radical decomposition. Representative examples of photodecomposition reactions include the α (alpha) bond cleavage of carbonyl compounds, decarbonylation reactions, denitrogenation of azides and azo compounds, and decomposition of peroxides. The reaction of generating radicals by photodecomposition of azobisisobutyronitrile is important as an initiator of various radical reactions, including radical polymerization ( ).[Toshio Mukai and Masaru Hirota] [Reference] | | |©Shogakukan "> Representative photodecomposition reactions (diagram) Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
光化学反応のうち、光を吸収することによりおこる分解をいう。直接光分解と光増感分解に大別される。直接光分解は光を吸収した分子そのものが分解する反応であり、光増感分解は光を吸収した光増感剤からのエネルギー移動によって他の分子がエネルギーをもらって分解する反応をいう。アインシュタインの光第2法則によれば波長200、300ナノメートル(紫外線)、400、500ナノメートル(可視光線)はそれぞれ598、398、299、239キロジュール(kJ)/アインシュタイン(E。1E=6.02×1023個の光量子)のエネルギーをもっている。有機化合物の共有結合の解離エネルギーは1モル当りおよそ150~568キロジュールであり、光量子のエネルギーが結合エネルギーを上回るので、この波長範囲の光は化学結合を開裂させて光分解をおこさせるのに十分なエネルギーをもっている。また分解には、ラジカル的分解とイオン的分解の二つの形式があり、光励起状態が一重項であるか三重項であるかに密接な関係がある(セイレムの理論)。ラジカル的分解とイオン的分解の区別について1例をあげると、臭化水素HBrをHとBrに分解する反応は、水溶液中では次の反応式により進行して、H-Br結合はH+とBr-に分解される。この際にH-Br結合を形成していた2個の価電子は両方ともBrに移りBrは負電荷をもち、電子をBrに与えてしまったHは正電荷をもつ。このように結合が切れてイオンを生成する反応を結合のイオン的分解といい、これと対照的に、気体のHBrに光を照射すると、H-Br結合は価電子(・)を1個ずつ分け合って1個の水素原子H・と1個の臭素原子Br・に分解する。この分解ではH-Br結合が切れて二つのラジカルになるので、ラジカル的分解とよんでいる。カルボニル化合物のα(アルファ)結合開裂、脱カルボニル反応、アジドおよびアゾ化合物の脱窒素や過酸化物の分解などは代表的な光分解反応の例である。アゾビスイソブチロニトリルの光分解によりラジカルを生成する反応はラジカル重合を含む種々のラジカル反応の開始剤として重要である( )。[向井利夫・廣田 穰] [参照項目] | | |©Shogakukan"> 代表的な光分解反応〔図〕 出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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