Eight Views

Japanese: 八景 - はっけい

〘Noun〙 Eight particularly excellent views in a certain area. (i) Refers to the Eight Views of Xiaoxiang and other Chinese Eight Views. *Shin-satsu Orai (1367), Vol. 1: "Xiagui Landscapes. Eight Views of Genki. Mabuchi Flowers and Birds." *Shigaku Taisei-sho (c. 1558-70), Vol. 7: "In the village of the Eight Views of Xiaoxiang, there is a scene of sailing back from Toura." [Museumkei Hitsudan, Vol. 17] (ii) Refers to the Eight Views of Japan, such as the Eight Views of Omi, the Eight Views of Nara, the Eight Views of Kanazawa, the Eight Views of Japan, the Eight Views of Fushimi, the Eight Views of Saga, the Eight Views of Akashi, and the Eight Views of Matsushima. *Dontetsu-shu (c. 1331), "Eight Views of Hakata" [Etymology] (1) It is said to have originated from eight paintings by Song Di ( =character is fuko), a painter of the Song dynasty in China, depicting the area around Xiaoxiang, which was famous for its scenic beauty. Since the appearance of the painter monks Muqi and Gyokukan in the Song Dynasty, the Eight Views painting has developed into an important subject for landscape painting. Meanwhile, the poems praising the painting also began to be written by poets of the Song Dynasty (the monk Juefan or Su Shi).
(2) In Japan, there were things called the Three Passes and the Seven High Mountains, but they were not related to scenery. When the paintings and poems of the Eight Views of Xiaoxiang were introduced in the Kamakura period, they were painted by many artists, including Shuwen, Sotan, Sotsugu, Shokei, Sesson, Soami, Kano Motonobu, and Kano Eitoku.
(3) In verse, the Eight Views of Xiaoxiang (either by Teika or Tameiso) was written at the latest in the second half of the 13th century, but especially from the 14th century onwards, many monks of the Five Mountains began to use it as a subject for their poetry.

Source: The Selected Edition of the Japanese Language Dictionary About the Selected Edition of the Japanese Language Dictionary Information

Japanese:

〘名〙ある地域で、特にすぐれた八か所の景色。(イ) 瀟湘(しょうしょう)八景をはじめとする中国の八景をいう。※新札往来（1367）上「夏桂山水。元輝八景。馬淵花鳥」※詩学大成抄（1558‐70頃）七「瀟湘の八景の里に遠浦帰帆の一景あるぞ」〔夢渓筆談‐巻一七〕(ロ) 近江八景、南都八景、金沢八景、日本八景、伏見八景、嵯峨八景、明石八景、松島八景など、日本の八景をいう。※鈍鉄集（1331頃）「博多八景」[語誌](1)中国、宋代の画家宋迪(そうてき)（=字は復古）が景勝地として名高い瀟湘周辺を描いた八枚の絵画が発端といわれる。宋代に画僧牧谿(もっけい)と玉澗がでて以降、八景図は山水画の重要な画題として発展していった。一方、その賛としての詩も宋代の詩人（僧・覚範とも、蘇軾とも）に始まる。
(2)日本には三関、七高山などと呼ばれるものはあったが、それらは景観に関するものではなかった。瀟湘八景の絵画及び詩が鎌倉時代に伝わると、周文、宗湛、宗継、祥啓、雪村、相阿彌、狩野元信、狩野永徳など多くの画家に描かれた。
(3)韻文学のほうでは、遅くとも一三世紀後半には瀟湘八景和歌（定家とも、為相とも）が詠まれているが、特に一四世紀以降、五山の僧が多く詩題として取り上げるようになっていった。

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