Faction - Batsu

Japanese: 閥 - ばつ
Faction - Batsu

A private group of people with the same political party, origin, interests, etc. There are various types of cliques, including zaibatsu, academic cliques, clan cliques, family cliques, military cliques, bureaucratic cliques, local party cliques, and sectarian cliques. For example, zaibatsu are powerful clans or relatives who work together to control many banks and companies, while academic cliques are those who graduated from the same school and use their personal connections to become a latent controlling force in society.

[Hiroaki Iwai]

The nature of the faction

The character of a faction as a social group is different from that of a clique, which is a mere subgroup within the whole society, and different from something like sectionalism in the workplace. The collective characteristic of a faction is that it acts as a private, closed collective in an open or public social space. In other words, it is essentially an irrational, emotional bond between people who share the same blood ties, geographical ties, or origin, and is not recognized as an organization or unity as a group in the public world. And yet, its existence is loudly discussed because it secretly bonds with its kind and relies on the masses to seek mutual benefit among its members while excluding others in the public world, that is, in politics, business, government, academia, etc. If you are a member of a faction, you can obtain the support of the group by simply belonging to that faction, and you can compete with other people outside and gain and defend your own status and position more favorably than those people.

Within the group, there is a certain degree of strong cohesion. In other words, with what is called a primary collective social sentiment in sociology, the group is centripetally bound around a certain influential person or group of influential people and takes unified external action. In many cases, the bond is of a boss-subordinate nature, solidified by the principles of domination and personal subordination, protection and dependence, and the order and class system of seniors and juniors. The purpose of such collective action is to obtain the interests of the minority of group members, as the saying goes, "it all comes down to one word: my". For example, there is nothing to be criticized for people from the same school simply becoming friends as seniors and juniors. Rather, it is probably desirable. However, the problem is when they try to use their private connections to dominate the public world. This is said to be a major problem in that it hinders the effective implementation of widely open social activities.

They generally hide behind closed doors in public and are sneaky in their machinations behind society's backs. Their private associations strengthen internal cohesion and unity, while at the same time being characterized by a closed-off nature that does not allow others to step inside. As monopolistic power groups, they are highly exclusive and combative towards others. In other words, as a result of their collective egoism, they tend to be in fierce opposition and struggle against other homogeneous groups, resulting in persistent factional strife. In this way, trying to protect a narrow scope through the power of private associations blocks the competition of strength and impedes the metabolism of individuals. The existence of factions disrupts modern public life, impedes the efficiency of organizations, and prevents free social mobility in processes such as recruitment, selection, and promotion.

[Hiroaki Iwai]

Japanese Society and Cliques

In Japan, there are various forms of cliques. The clan cliques of the early Meiji period, which caused Fukuzawa Yukichi to say that "the clan system is the enemy of one's parents," monopolized government power with the four clans of Satsuma, Choshu, Tosa, and Hizen. The family clique, on the other hand, is based on the private relationship that arose through marriage. It can be said that this is closely intertwined with the hierarchical nature of marriage itself. In Japanese society, where family ties are also important in social life, it is said that this power played an unexpectedly large role. After the clan cliques declined, the four cliques of government, party, academic, and financial became major social problems. Military cliques are also said to have been a cause of the Second World War. In Japanese society, due to its collectivist nature, various cliques are likely to form in everyday life in addition to the cliques mentioned above.

[Hiroaki Iwai]

"On Factions - Notes on Japanese Social Theory (3)" by Yasuda Saburo (included in Contemporary Sociology 3, Vol. 2, No. 1, 1975, Kodansha)""The Rise and Fall of Academic Factions" by Yamaguchi Nittarou (1991, Seisaku Times)""Clan-based Governments and Constitutional Politics" by Sasaki Takashi (1992, Yoshikawa Kobunkan)""The History of the Secret Struggle of the Japanese Military Factions" by Tanaka Takayoshi, revised second edition (1993, Nagasaki Publishing)"An Introduction to the History of Japanese Zaibatsu" by Sue Kunio (1996, Kobundo Publishing)"A Historical Study of Zaibatsu Management - An International Comparison of Ownership and Management" by Yasuoka Shigeaki (1998, Iwanami Shoten) ▽ " The History of the Rise and Fall of Japanese Military Factions, Volumes 1 and 2" by Matsushita Yoshio (2001, Fuyo Shobo Publishing) "A Study of Factions" by Yamamoto Shichihei (Bunshun Bunko)""Military Factions in the Showa Era" by Takahashi Masae (Kodansha Academic Library)""Korean Tribal Factions, Military Factions, and Financial Conglomerates: Unraveling the Political Dynamics of the Dominant Groups" by Ji Dong-Wook (Chuko Shinsho)""Factions" by Nagamori Seiichi (Chikuma Shinsho)

[References] | Academic factions | Military factions | Financial factions | Factions | Clan-based politics

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

党派、出身、利害関係などを同じくする者の私的な集まり。閥には、財閥、学閥、藩閥、閨閥(けいばつ)、軍閥、官閥、郷党(きょうとう)閥、派閥など、さまざまなものがある。たとえば、財閥とは、有力な同族、親族などが連係して多数の銀行、会社を支配しているものであり、学閥とは、同一学校の出身者がその人的脈絡を利用し、社会の潜勢的な支配力となっているものである。

[岩井弘融]

閥の性格

社会集団としてみた閥の性格は、全体社会のなかの単なる下位集団subgroupとしてのクリークcliqueでもなく、職場のセクショナリズムのようなものとも異なっている。閥の集団的な特徴は、開かれた、あるいは公的な社会的場において、私的な閉じられた集団性をもって行動するところにある。すなわち、それは本来、血縁、地縁、出身などを同じくする者の非合理的、情緒的なつながりであり、公的な世界においては一個の集団としての組織や統一を認められているものではない。それでいてその存在がやかましく取りざたされるのは、ひそかに同類相結び、衆を頼んで公的な世界、すなわち政界、実業界、官界、学界などにおいて、他を排して仲間相互の利を図ろうとするからである。閥の成員であれば、その閥に属するだけで集団的な後援を得、外部の他の人々と対抗し、それらの人々よりもいっそう有利に自己の地位と立場を獲得、防衛できる。

 その集団の内部は、ある意味での強固な結合をもっている。すなわち、社会学でいう第一次集団的な社会的情緒をもって、そのなかの特定の有力人物あるいは有力人物群を中心に求心的に結び付き、一体的な対外行動を起こす。多くの場合、その結び付きは親分・子分的であり、支配と人格的隷属、庇護(ひご)と依存、先輩・後輩の秩序や身分制の原理によって固められる。そうした集団行動の目的は、「私の一字に帰す」といわれるように、その集団成員たる少数者の利益を獲得することにある。たとえば、一つの学校の出身者が単に先輩・後輩として親睦(しんぼく)することは、なんらとがめらるべきことではない。むしろ、望ましいことであろう。しかし、その私的なつながりを利用して、公的な世界を牛耳(ぎゅうじ)ろうとすることが問題である。それが、広く開かれた社会活動の効果的な遂行を阻害するところに、大きな問題性があるとされるのである。

 それは、一般に公衆の前を糊塗(こと)し、社会の背後において策動する陰険さをもっている。その私的な結合は、内部の結束、統一を固めるとともに、他に対してはこれを一歩も門内に入れぬ封鎖性を特徴とする。独占的な権力集団として排他性が強く、他に対し闘争的である。すなわち、その集団利己主義の結果として、他の同質的な集団に対して激しく対立・抗争し、執拗(しつよう)な派閥争いを生じがちである。このように、私的結合の力で狭隘(きょうあい)な範域を守ろうとすることは、実力競争を遮り、人物の新陳代謝を妨げる。閥の存在は、近代的な公的生活を攪乱(かくらん)し、組織の能率を阻害し、採用、選抜、昇進などの諸過程における自由な社会的移動を阻むのである。

[岩井弘融]

日本社会と閥

日本における閥の形態は種々ある。福沢諭吉(ゆきち)をして「門閥制度は親の仇(かたき)」といわしめた明治初期の藩閥は、薩(さつ)・長・土・肥の4藩をもって政府権力を壟断(ろうだん)したものであった。また、閨閥は、婚姻によって生じた私的関係を結合の軸とするものである。これは、婚姻そのものに内包される階層性とも密接に絡まるといえよう。家の結び付きを社会生活においても重視する日本の社会では、その力は予想外に大きな働きをしたといわれる。藩閥が衰えたあとは、官・党・学・財の4閥が大きな社会問題とされた。軍閥もまた、第二次世界大戦を導く原因をなしたとされている。日本の社会では、その集団主義的な性格のゆえに、前述の諸閥以外にも、日常生活のなかでさまざまな閥が形成されやすい。

[岩井弘融]

『安田三郎著『閥について――日本社会論ノート(3)』(『現代社会学3』2巻1号所収・1975・講談社)』『山口日太郎著『学閥の興亡』(1991・政策時報社)』『佐々木隆著『藩閥政府と立憲政治』(1992・吉川弘文館)』『田中隆吉著『日本軍閥暗闘史』改訂第2版(1993・長崎出版)』『須江国雄著『日本財閥史入門』(1996・高文堂出版社)』『安岡重明著『財閥経営の歴史的研究――所有と経営の国際比較』(1998・岩波書店)』『松下芳男著『日本軍閥興亡史』上下(2001・芙蓉書房出版)』『山本七平著『「派閥」の研究』(文春文庫)』『高橋正衛著『昭和の軍閥』(講談社学術文庫)』『池東旭著『韓国の族閥・軍閥・財閥――支配集団の政治力学を解く』(中公新書)』『永森誠一著『派閥』(ちくま新書)』

[参照項目] | 学閥 | 軍閥 | 財閥 | 派閥 | 藩閥政治

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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