Agricultural warehouses are warehouses for storing agricultural products such as grains. However, in Japan, agricultural warehouses are often used to refer to special warehouses established based on the Agricultural Warehouse Business Law (Law No. 15 of 1917) and operated mainly by agricultural cooperatives for the purpose of storing producers' grains, cocoons, charcoal, etc. After the Meiji period, in response to the development of the rice market, rice certificate warehouses were established to grade and store rice for sale, and to issue and finance rice certificates, but they were mainly used by landlords and merchants. In response to the collapse of rice prices in 1914-1915 (Taisho 3-4), the Agricultural Warehouse Business Law was enacted in 1917 as part of rice policy to provide relief to small and medium-sized farmers and stabilize the rice market. The law strongly emphasized the public benefit of agricultural warehouses, stipulating that the business should not be for profit and that the business entity should be limited to industrial associations, etc., and also provided convenience such as low-interest loans for the business from the government. After that, agricultural warehouses were established by industrial associations, and they played a role in the development of the sales business, but after the 1921 Rice Law, when the government began to intervene in the rice market, they became government-designated warehouses and took on the role of storing government-controlled rice. Furthermore, after the enforcement of the Food Control Law in 1942 (Showa 17), agricultural warehouses decisively strengthened their role as the physical and institutional foundation for the implementation of the government's food policy. Even after the Second World War, agricultural warehouses continued to play an important role in rice distribution under the strict food control system. However, since the 1970s, rice distribution technology has changed, such as the spread of country elevators, which not only have a storage function but also have the function of drying and preparing rice, and the role of agricultural warehouses has also been changing due to the transition from the Food Control Law to the Food Law (officially known as the "Law Concerning the Stabilization of Supply and Demand and Prices of Staple Foodstuffs", Law No. 113 of 1994) and the liberalization of distribution. [Masuda Yoshiaki] [Reference] |Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
穀物をはじめとする農産物の保管を目的とする倉庫が農業倉庫である。ただし日本においては、農業倉庫業法(大正6年法律第15号)に基づいて設立され、主として農業協同組合が生産者の穀物、繭、木炭などを保管する目的で経営する特殊な倉庫を農業倉庫とよぶ場合が多い。明治以降、米穀市場の展開に対応して、販売米の格付検査と共同保管、米券の発行と金融を行う米券倉庫の設置がみられたが、それは地主、商人の利用が主であった。1914~1915年(大正3~4)の米価暴落を契機に、中小農民の救済と米穀市場の安定を図るため、米穀政策の一環として、1917年に農業倉庫業法が制定された。同法では農業倉庫の公益性が強くうたわれ、その事業は営利を目的としてはならないこと、事業主体は産業組合などに限ることなどが定められ、また事業のために政府から低利資金の融資などの便宜を与えられることとなった。その後産業組合による農業倉庫の設立が進み、その販売事業の発展に役割を果たしたが、1921年の米穀法以降政府が米穀市場に介入するようになると、政府指定倉庫として政府管理米の保管機能を担うようになった。さらに1942年(昭和17)の食糧管理法の施行以後は、政府の食糧政策遂行のための物的・制度的基盤としての役割を決定的に強めることとなった。第二次世界大戦後も統制的な食糧管理制度のもとで、農業倉庫は引き続き米流通に重要な役割を果たした。しかし1970年代以降、貯蔵機能だけでなく、もみの乾燥・調製機能をあわせもつカントリーエレベーターの普及など米流通技術が変化したほか、食管法から1994年(平成6)に制定された食糧法(正式名称は「主要食糧の需給及び価格の安定に関する法律」。平成6年法律第113号)への移行と流通自由化などによって、農業倉庫の役割も変わりつつある。 [増田佳昭] [参照項目] |出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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