A device for measuring the viscosity (viscosity) of a liquid. It is classified into various types according to the basic principle. (1) capillary viscometerThis is based on Poiseuille's law (also known as Hagen-Poiseuille's law) regarding flow in capillaries. A liquid is pushed into a capillary at a certain pressure, and the viscosity is calculated from the relationship between the amount of liquid that flows out and the pressure. The Ostwald viscometer is one type of this viscometer, and is the most common both historically and in practice. It was invented by F. W. Ostwald of Germany, and is a glass U-shaped tube as shown in , with part B being the capillary. The sample placed in C is sucked up from the other end, and when A is filled, it is allowed to fall naturally. The time t for the liquid level to pass the marked lines a and b is measured, and if the time it takes for an equal volume of standard liquid (water) to flow down is t0 , the viscosity of the liquid is given by the following formula: η=η 0 (ρt/ρ 0 t 0 ) (2) Falling-ball viscometer: This is based on Stokes' law regarding the movement of a sphere in a viscous fluid. A sphere is dropped into a stationary liquid, and after it reaches a constant speed, the time t it takes to fall a certain distance l is measured. The viscosity of the liquid, η, is then calculated using the following formula. η= d2 ( ρs -ρ)gt/18l (3) Rotational viscometer: A liquid is placed between two concentric cylinders, the outer cylinder is rotated, and the force acting on the inner cylinder due to the viscosity of the liquid is measured to calculate the viscosity of the liquid. [Otake Denyu] [References] | | |©Shogakukan "> Principle of the Ostwald Viscometer (Diagram) Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
液体の粘度(粘性)を測定する装置。基本となる原理によって各種の形式に分類される。 (1)毛管粘度計 capillary viscometer毛管内の流動に関するポアズイユの法則(ハーゲン‐ポアズイユの法則ともいう)に基づくもので、ある圧力で毛管内に液体を押し出し、その流出液量と圧力との関係から粘度を求める。オストワルト粘度計はこの一種であり、歴史的にも、実用的にももっとも一般的なものである。ドイツのF・W・オストワルトの考案になるもので、 のようなガラス製のU字管で、Bの部分が毛管である。Cに入れられた試料を他端から吸い上げ、Aを満たしたところで自然落下させる。液面が標線a、bを通過する時間tを測定し、等容積の標準液(水)の流下時間をt0とすると、液の粘度は次式で与えられる。 η=η0(ρt/ρ0t0) (2)落球粘度計 falling-ball viscometer粘性流体中の球の運動に関するストークスの法則に基礎を置くもので、静止液体中に球を落下させて、定速度に到達したあと、一定の距離lを落下する時間tを測定し、次式から液体の粘度ηが算出される。 η=d2(ρs-ρ)gt/18l (3)回転粘度計 rotation viscometer同心二重円筒の間に液体を入れ、外筒を回転させ、液体の粘性によって内筒が受ける力を測定して、液体の粘度を算出する。 [大竹伝雄] [参照項目] | | |©Shogakukan"> オストワルト粘度計の原理〔図〕 出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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