Tautology - tautology (English spelling)

Japanese: トートロジー - とーとろじー(英語表記)tautology 英語
Tautology - tautology (English spelling)

This word comes from the Greek word for "tautology." When we talk about a simple proposition that is immediately obvious as being true, we sometimes say that it is nothing more than a tautology. "When the dog faces west, its tail faces east" is a tautology in this sense.

In propositional logic, a compound sentence form made by stringing together propositional logic symbols and sentence variables, such that the compound sentence is always correct no matter how the correctness of the sentences substituted for the sentence variables is determined, is called a "tautology." A simple example is "A∨(¬A)," where "∨" is a disjunction symbol and "¬" is a negation symbol. This corresponds to the law of the excluded middle in traditional logic. Sentences that are examples of tautological forms are also sometimes called "tautologies." When a long compound sentence form is made by repeating sentence variables and logical symbols many times, it may not be immediately clear whether it is a tautology or not, but there are mechanical methods to determine this if you are willing to spend time.

[Yoshida Natsuhiko]

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

ギリシア語での「同語反復」に由来することばである。正しいことがすぐにわかるような単純な命題のことを「それはトートロジーにすぎない」ということがある。「犬が西向きゃ尾は東」などは、この意味でトートロジーである。

 命題論理では、命題論理の記号と文変項とを連ねてつくった合成文の形式のうち、文変項に代入される文の正しさをどのように決めてもつねに合成文が正しくなるようなものを「トートロジー」という。簡単な例として「A∨(¬A)」をあげることができる。ここで「∨」は選言記号、「¬」は否定記号である。これは伝統的論理学でいう排中律にあたる。トートロジーの形式の実例になる文のことも「トートロジー」とよぶことがある。文変項や論理記号を何回も繰り返すことによりつくられた長い合成文の形式になるとトートロジーであるかどうかが一目ではわからないこともあるが、時間をかけることをいとわなければ、それを決定するための機械的な判定法が存在している。

[吉田夏彦]

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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