Tokaido
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The name of the region or road that runs east from Kyoto along the Pacific Ocean. [Kodama Kota] AncientDuring the reign of Emperor Sujin, one of the four generals, Takenukawawake no Mikoto, patrolled the eastern route, and it is said that Emperor Yamato Takeru and Emperor Keiko traveled to the eastern provinces along this route, which is probably an ancient route from the Miura Peninsula to the Boso Peninsula. Under the Ritsuryo system, this route is one of the seven administrative districts of Goki. In other words, at first, it consisted of 13 provinces: Iga, Ise, Shima, Mikawa, Owari, Totomi, Suruga, Izu, Kai, Sagami, Kazusa, Shimousa, and Hitachi. In 718 (Yoro 2), four districts of Kazusa were divided and Awa Province was established, but in 741 (Tenpyo 13), it was restored to its former state, and in 757 (Tenpyo Houji 1), Awa Province was established again. In 771 (Hōki 2), Musashi Province was transferred from Tosan-dō to Tokai-dō, and the number of provinces increased to 15. The route also went from Sagami to Musashi and then to Shimousa. In terms of administration, provincial governors were placed in each province, and inspectors and observers were sometimes sent throughout the Tokai-dō. The highway connecting these provinces was also called the Tokai-dō, and when the capital was in Yamato, it entered Iga Province, and from there passed through Ise and Shima to Owari and Mikawa, but when the capital was moved to Yamashiro, it began to enter Ise from Omi, crossing the Suzuka Pass. According to the Ritsuryo system, stations were established along the highways for the use of envoys, but in the section on horse-riding routes in various provinces in the Engishiki, there are no mentions of Iga or Izu. This means that they deviated from the main route. The locations of many of these stations are unclear, and therefore it is not possible to clarify the entire route of the ancient Tokaido. In 802 (Enryaku 21), at the beginning of the Heian period, Mount Fuji erupted, and the Ashigara Road was abandoned and the Hakoneji Road was opened, but the Ashigara Road was restored the following year, and the official road was restored to its original state. [Kodama Kota] middle agesIn the Kamakura period, the route between Kamakura and Kyoto became the most important, and the shogunate established permanent express horses at each post station. Furthermore, as the number of public and private travelers increased, prostitutes began to gather at post stations, with Ikeda-juku on the banks of the Tenryu River and Hashimoto-juku on the banks of Lake Hamana being particularly well-known. From the Kamakura period onwards, travel between Kamakura and Kyoto also took the route from Atsuta to Mino Road, then to Omi on the Tosando Road, and then back to Kyoto. During the Sengoku period, many powerful warlords rose up in the Tokaido provinces, with clans such as the Oda of Owari, Matsudaira (Tokugawa) of Mikawa, Imagawa of Suruga, Takeda of Kai, and Hojo of Sagami exerting their influence, and the telema system developed within each of their territories. [Kodama Kota] Early modern periodAfter Tokugawa Ieyasu established his hegemony after the Battle of Sekigahara, he established a telegraph system in various post stations along the Tokaido road in 1601 (Keicho 6), with 36 horses kept at each post station to serve travelers on official business or those of a similar nature. The establishment of the post stations was not completed all at once, as Totsuka post station was added in 1604, Ishiyakushi in 1616 (Genwa 2), Kawasaki in 1623, and so on. With the establishment of Shono post station in 1624 (Kan'ei 1), there were a total of 53 post stations between Edo (Nihonbashi) and Kyoto (Sanjo Ohashi), from Shinagawa to Otsu, and these are commonly referred to as the "Fifty-three Stations." The word "tsugi" (following) is synonymous with "tsugi," and horses and men were handed over to each post station. The Tokaido also included a road that branched off from Otsu, passing through four post stations such as Fushimi and Yodo before reaching Osaka. Other side roads to the Tokaido included the Sayajiro road, which ran from Atsuta to Kuwana, passing through four post stations such as Manba and Saya on the north shore of Ise Bay, and the Honsaka-dori road, which branched off from Hamamatsu and passed through three post stations such as Kiga and Mikkabi on the north shore of Lake Hamana before reaching Goyu or Yoshida. There were also checkpoints at Hakone and Arai (Imagire) on the main road, and at Kiga on the Honsaka-dori road, where passengers and their belongings were checked. The role of the inns was to provide a place for travelers to rest and to transfer horses and people. Initially, they were required to provide 36 horses and people, but during the Kan'ei period (1624-1644), this was increased to 100 people and 100 horses on this main road. Official travelers on business with the shogunate, feudal lords, nobles, and samurai could use up to a designated number of horses and people, and this was handled by the wholesaler at each inn. Other common people worked in conjunction with horsemen and palanquin-carrying laborers. The Tokaido had major rivers such as the Tenryu River and the Oi River, as well as sea crossings at Imakire and Ise Bay, and many places were crossed by boat or laborers. Traffic was often interrupted by wind, waves, or floods, so some people used the Nakasendo to avoid this. However, the Tokaido was used by the most number of people, including daimyo on their alternate attendance journeys, and accordingly, facilities such as honjin (inns), wakihonjin (inns), hatagoya (inns), and teahouses were well-equipped, and it was home to many local specialties and local delicacies, such as Odawara's uiro, Hakone crafts, Mariko's tororo soup, Utsunotani-ya pass's to dango (rice dumplings), Kakegawa's kuzufu, Arai's eel, Narumi shibori (strained squid), Kuwana's clams, Kusatsu's ubagamoshi (rice cakes), and Otsu-e (pictures), which spread to many places through travelers. In order to secure this important highway, the shogunate stationed fudai daimyo in Odawara, Numazu, Tanaka, Kakegawa, Hamamatsu, Yoshida (present-day Toyohashi), Okazaki, Kuwana, and other areas. In addition, it placed Sunpu under its direct control, and established a related domain in Nagoya. When the shogun came to Kyoto, he stayed within these castles. It was familiar to ordinary travelers through Jippensha Ikku's humorous book "Hizakurige on the Tokaido" and Utagawa Hiroshige's ukiyo-e print "The Fifty-three Stations of the Tokaido," and from the end of the 18th century it was used for pilgrimages and sightseeing to Ise Shrine, Nara, Osaka, Kyoto, and other places. Many travelogues on these routes have been preserved. By this time, the Tokaido had lost its significance as an administrative division, and the shogunate's inspectors also began to use the Tokai region as their unit of measurement. [Kodama Kota] "A Study of the Post Stations and Their Headquarters on the Tokaido Road, by Okuma Yoshikuni (1942, Maruzen)" ▽ "An Introduction to the History of Transportation in Japan, by Oshima Enjiro (1964, Yoshikawa Kobunkan)" ▽ "Compiled by Kodama Kota and Toyoda Takeshi, Systematic Japanese History Series 24: Transportation History (1970, Yamakawa Publishing)" ▽ "Collection of Historical Materials on Transportation in the Early Modern Period, 4: General Accounts of Post Stations and Villages on the Tokaido Road, edited by Kodama Kota (1970, Yoshikawa Kobunkan)" [Reference] | | | | | |1853 (Kaei 6), National Diet Library Hiroshige Utagawa "Illustrated Guide to Famous Places in the Sixty-odd Provinces: Iga, Ueno..." 1853 (Kaei 6), National Diet Library Hiroshige Utagawa, "Illustrated Guide to Famous Places in the Sixty-odd Provinces, Ise, Asakuma..." 1853 (Kaei 6), National Diet Library Hiroshige Utagawa "Illustrated Guide to Famous Places in the Sixty-odd Provinces: Shima Weather" 1853 (Kaei 6), National Diet Library Hiroshige Utagawa's "Illustrated Guide to Famous Places in the Sixty-odd Provinces: Mikawa, Hourai" 1853 (Kaei 6), National Diet Library Hiroshige Utagawa's "Illustrated Guide to Famous Places in the Sixty-odd Provinces: Owari and Tsushima" 1853 (Kaei 6), National Diet Library Hiroshige Utagawa "Illustrated Guide to Famous Places in the Sixty-odd Provinces: Totomi, Hamana..." 1853 (Kaei 6), National Diet Library Hiroshige Utagawa's "Illustrated Guide to Famous Places in the Sixty-odd Provinces: Suruga and Miho..." 1853 (Kaei 6), National Diet Library Hiroshige Utagawa "Illustrated Guide to Famous Places in the Sixty-odd Provinces: Izu, Zen Buddhism..." National Diet Library Hiroshige Utagawa "Illustrated Guide to Famous Places in the Sixty-odd Provinces: Kai Saru..." 1853 (Kaei 6), National Diet Library Hiroshige Utagawa, "Illustrated Guide to Famous Places in the Sixty-odd Provinces, Sagami, Eno..." 1853 (Kaei 6), National Diet Library Hiroshige Utagawa, "Illustrated Guide to Famous Places in the Sixty-odd Provinces, Kazusa, Arrows..." 1853 (Kaei 6), National Diet Library Hiroshige Utagawa "Illustrated Guide to Famous Places in the Sixty-odd Provinces: Shimousa and Choshi" National Diet Library Hiroshige Utagawa "Illustrated Guide to Famous Places in the Sixty-odd Provinces: Hitachi and Kashima" 1853 (Kaei 6), National Diet Library Hiroshige Utagawa "Illustrated Guide to Famous Places in the Sixty-odd Provinces: Awa and Kominato" 1853 (Kaei 6), National Diet Library Hiroshige Utagawa "Illustrated Guide to Famous Places in the Sixty-odd Provinces: Musashi, Sumida..." Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
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京師より太平洋に沿って東方に至る地域または街道名。 ［児玉幸多］ 古代崇神(すじん)天皇のとき、四道将軍の1人、武渟川別命(たけぬかわわけのみこと)が巡視した東路(うみつみち)、日本武尊(やまとたけるのみこと)や景行(けいこう)天皇が東国に赴いたときの道と伝承する、三浦半島から房総半島へ渡るのが古代の道であったのであろう。律令(りつりょう)制では行政区画の五畿(ごき)七道の一つである。すなわち初めには伊賀、伊勢(いせ)、志摩、三河、尾張(おわり)、遠江(とおとうみ)、駿河(するが)、伊豆、甲斐(かい)、相模(さがみ)、上総(かずさ)、下総(しもうさ)、常陸(ひたち)の13か国であった。718年（養老2）上総の4郡を割いて安房(あわ)国を置いたが、741年（天平13）旧に復し、757年（天平宝字1）にふたたび安房国を置いた。また771年（宝亀2）に武蔵(むさし)国を東山道(とうさんどう)より東海道に転属し、これより15か国となった。道筋も相模より武蔵を経て下総に入ることとなった。行政上では各国に国司が置かれたほか、東海道全域に対して巡察使・観察使などの派遣されることもあった。これら諸国を結ぶ街道も東海道というが、都が大和(やまと)にあったときには、伊賀国に入り、それより伊勢、志摩を経て尾張、三河に達したが、都が山城(やましろ)に移ると、近江(おうみ)から鈴鹿(すずか)峠を越えて伊勢に入るようになった。令制によれば、街道には駅が設けられて、公使の利用に供せられたのであるが、『延喜式(えんぎしき)』の諸国駅伝馬の条には伊賀と伊豆両国には記載がない。主要路から外れたことになる。これら駅の所在については明確でない所も多く、したがって古代の東海道の道筋のすべてを明らかにすることはできない。平安時代の初め802年（延暦21）に富士山が噴火したため、足柄(あしがら)道を廃して「筥荷途(はこねじ)」を開いたが、翌年には足柄道が復旧して、官道はもとに戻った。 ［児玉幸多］ 中世鎌倉時代になると、鎌倉と京都の間が最重要路となり、幕府では宿ごとに早馬を常設するなどのことをしている。また公私の旅行者の増加によって宿駅に遊女が集まるようにもなり、天竜川畔の池田宿、浜名湖畔の橋本宿などがとくに著名であった。なお鎌倉時代からは、鎌倉と京都の往来に、熱田(あつた)から美濃(みの)路を経て東山道の近江から入洛(にゅうらく)、また逆に下洛する道筋も用いられた。戦国時代には、東海道諸国は群雄が競い興り、尾張の織田(おだ)、三河の松平（徳川）、駿河の今川、甲斐の武田、相模の北条などの諸氏が勢力を振るい、それぞれの領内には伝馬制度が発達した。 ［児玉幸多］ 近世関ヶ原の戦いによって徳川家康が覇権を確立すると、1601年（慶長6）には東海道諸宿に伝馬制を設け、宿ごとに36匹の馬を常備させて、公用旅行者またはそれに準ずる者の使役に供した。宿の設置は一時に完了したものではなく、戸塚(とつか)宿は1604年、石薬師(いしやくし)宿は1616年（元和2）、川崎宿は1623年など逐次追加されて1624年（寛永1）の庄野(しょうの)宿の設立によって、江戸（日本橋）―京都（三条大橋）間に品川―大津宿の53宿が整い、通常「五十三次」という。次ぐは継ぐと同意で、宿ごとに人馬の継立(つぎたて)をしたからである。なお大津より分かれて、伏見(ふしみ)、淀(よど)など四宿を経て大坂に至る街道も東海道とした。そのほか東海道の脇(わき)街道としては、熱田から伊勢湾の北岸の万場(まんば)、佐屋(さや)などの四宿を経て桑名(くわな)に至る佐屋路と、浜松から分かれて、浜名湖の北岸の気賀(きが)、三ヶ日(みっかび)などの三宿を通って御油(ごゆ)または吉田へ出る本坂(ほんさか)通があった。また本街道の箱根(はこね)と新居(あらい)（今切(いまぎれ)）と、本坂通の気賀には関所があって、往来人や携帯品を改めた。 宿の任務は人馬の継立や旅行者の休泊に応ずることにあり、人馬は初め馬36匹の提供を義務づけられていたが、寛永(かんえい)期（1624～44）には本街道では100人、100匹とされた。この人馬は幕府公用の旅行者や大名、公家(くげ)、武士などが指定された数までを使役でき、その事務は各宿の問屋場で行った。そのほかの庶民は馬士(まご)や駕籠(かご)かき人足と相対(あいたい)で利用した。東海道には天竜川、大井川などの大河川があるほか、今切、伊勢湾などの渡海場もあり、船または人足によって渡る所が多く、風波や大水のために交通が途絶することもまれではなかったので、それを避けるために中山道(なかせんどう)を通行する者もあった。しかし参勤交代の大名をはじめ、東海道の利用者はもっとも多く、それに応じて本陣、脇本陣、旅籠(はたご)屋、あるいは茶屋などの設備も整い、小田原の外郎(ういろう)、箱根細工、丸子(まりこ)のとろろ汁、宇津(うつ)ノ谷(や)峠の十団子(とおだんご)、掛川の葛布(くずふ)、新居のうなぎ、鳴海絞(なるみしぼ)り、桑名の蛤(はまぐり)、草津の姥(うば)ヶ餅(もち)、大津絵など各地の名産・名物も多く、旅人を通じて諸方に広められた。 幕府はこの重要街道を確保するために、小田原、沼津、田中、掛川、浜松、吉田（現豊橋(とよはし)）、岡崎、桑名などにはすべて譜代(ふだい)大名を配置した。それに駿府(すんぷ)を直轄とし、名古屋に親藩を置いた。将軍の上洛などにはそれらの城内が宿所にあてられた。一般旅行者には十返舎一九(じっぺんしゃいっく)の滑稽本(こっけいぼん)『東海道中膝栗毛(ひざくりげ)』や歌川広重(ひろしげ)の浮世絵『東海道五十三次』などで親しまれ、18世紀末からは伊勢参宮や奈良、大坂、京都などの参詣(さんけい)や見物のために利用された。それらの紀行文も数多く残されている。このころには行政区画としての東海道の意味はなくなり、幕府の巡見使も東海地域というような範囲を単位とするようになった。 ［児玉幸多］ 『大熊喜邦著『東海道宿駅とその本陣の研究』（1942・丸善）』▽『大島延次郎著『日本交通史概論』（1964・吉川弘文館）』▽『児玉幸多・豊田武編『体系日本史叢書24 交通史』（1970・山川出版社）』▽『児玉幸多校訂『近世交通史料集 四 東海道宿村大概帳』（1970・吉川弘文館）』 [参照項目] | | | | | |1853年（嘉永6）国立国会図書館所蔵"> 歌川広重『六十余州名所図会 伊賀 上野… 1853年（嘉永6）国立国会図書館所蔵"> 歌川広重『六十余州名所図会 伊勢 朝熊… 1853年（嘉永6）国立国会図書館所蔵"> 歌川広重『六十余州名所図会 志摩 日和… 1853年（嘉永6）国立国会図書館所蔵"> 歌川広重『六十余州名所図会 三河 鳳来… 1853年（嘉永6）国立国会図書館所蔵"> 歌川広重『六十余州名所図会 尾張 津島… 1853年（嘉永6）国立国会図書館所蔵"> 歌川広重『六十余州名所図会 遠江 浜名… 1853年（嘉永6）国立国会図書館所蔵"> 歌川広重『六十余州名所図会 駿河 三保… 1853年（嘉永6）国立国会図書館所蔵"> 歌川広重『六十余州名所図会 伊豆 修禅… 国立国会図書館所蔵"> 歌川広重『六十余州名所図会 甲斐 さる… 1853年（嘉永6）国立国会図書館所蔵"> 歌川広重『六十余州名所図会 相模 江之… 1853年（嘉永6）国立国会図書館所蔵"> 歌川広重『六十余州名所図会 上総 矢さ… 1853年（嘉永6）国立国会図書館所蔵"> 歌川広重『六十余州名所図会 下総 銚子… 国立国会図書館所蔵"> 歌川広重『六十余州名所図会 常陸 鹿島… 1853年（嘉永6）国立国会図書館所蔵"> 歌川広重『六十余州名所図会 安房 小湊… 1853年（嘉永6）国立国会図書館所蔵"> 歌川広重『六十余州名所図会 武蔵 隅田… 出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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