A general term for musical instruments that create sound based on the electrical oscillations of vacuum tubes or transistors. In general, it does not include instruments that electrically process vibrations generated by the same principles as conventional instruments, such as electric guitars. The world's first electronic musical instrument was the telharmonium, created by Thaddeus Cahill (1867-1934). It was unveiled in New York in 1906, but was a gigantic instrument weighing 200 tons. It solved many problems related to obtaining sound electrically, and was a groundbreaking device that incorporated almost all of the basic elements of today's electronic musical instruments, but it was never put to practical use. In 1920, an instrument created by acoustic physicist Lev S. Theremin (1896-1993) was unveiled in the Soviet Union, and was eventually introduced to the United States. Several composers wrote music for this instrument. It was played by moving the player's hands between and over the two antennas, and was named after its creator, the theremin. A more successful instrument was the ondes Martenot, patented in 1922 by Maurice Martenot (1898-1980) of France. This is an instrument similar to a spinet (a type of harpsichord) with a five-octave keyboard, and a ribbon for glissando in front of the keyboard. Many composers, including Honegger, Messiaen, and Jolivet, composed for this instrument. In the 1930s, Freidrich Adolf Trautwein (1888-1956) of Germany invented the troutonium, and pieces for this instrument continued to be written until the 1950s. Then, with the advancement of technology such as transistors and integrated circuits, we have the various synthesizers of today. [Ryūji Uta] "Masami Takeuchi, Theremin: A Man Who Lived in Ethereal Music and 20th Century Russia" (2000, Gakuyosha) [References] | | | |Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
真空管やトランジスタの電気発振をもとにして音をつくる楽器の総称。一般には、電気ギター(エレキ・ギター)など在来の楽器と同じ原理で生じる振動を電気的に処理する楽器は含まれない。 世界最初の電子楽器は、ケーヒルThaddeus Cahill(1867―1934)がつくったテルハーモニウムtelharmoniumである。これは1906年にニューヨークで公開されたが、総重量200トンという巨大なものであった。音を電気的に得ることに関する多くの問題を解決し、また今日の電子楽器の基本的要素はほとんどすべて盛り込んだ画期的なものであったが、実用には至らなかった。1920年にはソ連で、音響物理学者テルミンLev S. Theremin(1896―1993)による楽器が公開され、やがてアメリカに紹介された。数人の作曲家がこの楽器のために曲を書いている。これは、2本のアンテナの間や上で演奏者が手を動かすことによって演奏され、製作者の名をとってテルミンとよばれた。これよりも成功したのが、フランスのマルトノMaurice Martenot(1898―1980)が1922年に特許をとったオンド・マルトノである。これは、5オクターブにわたる鍵盤(けんばん)のあるスピネット(チェンバロの一種)に似た楽器で、鍵盤の手前にはグリッサンド用のリボンがある。オネゲル、メシアン、ジョリベなど、この楽器のために作曲した人は多い。さらに1930年代にはドイツのトラウトバインFreidrich Adolf Trautwein(1888―1956)がトラウトニウムtrautoniumを発明し、50年代までこの楽器を用いた曲が書かれ続けた。そして、トランジスタや集積回路などの技術の進歩に伴って、今日のさまざまなシンセサイザーに至っている。 [卜田隆嗣] 『竹内正美著『テルミン――エーテル音楽と20世紀ロシアを生きた男』(2000・岳陽舎)』 [参照項目] | | | |出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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