Copernican theory

Japanese: 地動説 - ちどうせつ
Copernican theory

A model of the universe in which the Earth rotates on its axis as one of the planets while revolving around the Sun. Heliocentric theory. Throughout ancient and medieval times, the geocentric theory dominated people's view of the universe, but in the 16th century, based on the proposal of Copernicus, this led to a shift to the heliocentric theory.

The idea that the Earth is not stationary but revolves around space in a circular orbit has been advocated since ancient Greece by Philolaos (5th century BC), Aristarchus (3rd century BC), Nicolaus of Cusa (15th century), Leonardo da Vinci (15th century), and others. Among them, Aristarchus' theory was based on observational data and was the most rational and concrete. He argued that because the Sun is larger than the Earth, its annual motion is caused by the Earth's revolution, and because the fixed stars are celestial bodies equivalent to the Sun, their diurnal motion is caused by the Earth's rotation. In other words, the Earth revolves around the Sun while rotating on its axis. This idea of ​​Aristarchus was the forerunner of Copernicus. However, at the time of its publication, the geocentric theory of Plato and Aristotle was mainstream, and it was not highly evaluated. Aristarchus' notes were brought to light by Copernicus, who was studying in northern Italy in the early 16th century.

One of the reasons why Copernicus chose Aristarchus' heliocentric system over Ptolemy's geocentric system was that he recognized the simplicity and rationality of the latter in contrast to the complex technical aspects of the former. He determined that the orbits of Mercury and Venus are on the inside of the Earth's orbit, and Mars, Jupiter, and Saturn on the outside. The advantage of this system is that the ratio of orbital radii can be calculated geometrically by comparing the orbital periods.

At the time, the lack of accuracy of the celestial almanac for ocean voyages was a problem that affected the safety of sailors and ultimately hindered overseas development. The cause of this was the estimation of the positions of celestial bodies based on the geocentric theory. While fulfilling his duties as a priest, Copernicus confirmed the estimation of the positions of celestial bodies based on a new cosmological system through observation.

The heliocentric theory became the starting point of modern scientific development, despite coming under heavy-handed pressure from the Roman Catholic Church after Copernicus' announcement (On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres, 1543). After Galileo's telescopic demonstration (1609), Kepler's proposal of three laws of revolution (1619), and Newton's orbital analysis based on universal gravitation (1687), the heliocentric theory was firmly established by Bradley's discovery of aberration (1727) and Bessel's verification of annual parallax (1838).

[Shimamura Fukutaro]

"The Progress of Cosmology" by Sharon, translated by Shigeru Nakayama (1971, Heibonsha)""On the Rotation of the Heavenly Bodies" translated by Yuri Yajima (Iwanami Bunko)""Dialogues Concerning the Two Worlds, by Galileo, translated by Yasuzo Aoki (Iwanami Bunko)"

[Reference] | Cosmology | Geocentrism

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

地球は惑星の一員として自転しつつ、太陽を中心にその周囲を公転しているという宇宙模型。太陽中心説。古代・中世を通じて天動説(地球中心説)が人々の宇宙観を支配してきたが、16世紀になってコペルニクスの提唱に基づいて、この地動説に転回した。

 地球が不動でなく、円形軌道を描いて空間を公転しているという構想は、古代ギリシア以来、フィロラオス(前5世紀)、アリスタルコス(前3世紀)、ニコラウス・クザーヌス(15世紀)、レオナルド・ダ・ビンチ(15世紀)らが唱えた。なかでもアリスタルコスの立論は観測資料に基づいたもので、もっとも合理的かつ具体的であった。彼は、太陽は地球より大きいゆえにその年周運動は地球の公転による、また恒星は太陽と同等の天体であるから、その日周運動は地球の自転による、と説く。すなわち地球は自転しながら太陽の周りを公転する。このアリスタルコスの構想はまさにコペルニクスの先駆である。しかし発表当時はプラトン、アリストテレスらの天動説が主流の時代であり、評価されなかった。アリスタルコスに関する手記は16世紀初期、北イタリア遊学中のコペルニクスによって日の目をみることができた。

 コペルニクスがプトレマイオスの天動説をおいてアリスタルコスの地動説を選んだ理由の一つは、前者の複雑な技巧性に対して、後者の簡明な合理性を認めた点である。彼は地球の公転軌道の内側に水星と金星、外側に火星と木星と土星の公転軌道を決定した。この体系の優れた点は、公転周期の比較によって軌道半径比が幾何学的に算定されることである。

 当時、遠洋航海用天体暦が正確さを欠き、船乗りの安全にかかわり、ひいては海外発展を阻むものとして問題になっていた。その原因は天動説による天体位置の推算にあった。コペルニクスは聖職の任務を果たしつつ、新宇宙体系による天体位置推算値を観測によって確かめた。

 地動説は、コペルニクスの発表(『天球の回転について』1543)後、ローマ教皇庁の強権的圧迫を受けたにもかかわらず、近代科学発展の原点ともなった。ガリレイの望遠鏡による実証(1609)、ケプラーの公転に関する三法則の提唱(1619)、ニュートンの万有引力に基づく軌道解析(1687)などを経て、ブラッドリーの光行差の発見(1727)、ベッセルらの年周視差の検証(1838)によって、地動説は確固たるものとなった。

[島村福太郎]

『シャロン著、中山茂訳『宇宙論の歩み』(1971・平凡社)』『矢島祐利訳『天体の回転について』(岩波文庫)』『ガリレイ著、青木靖三訳『天文対話』上下(岩波文庫)』

[参照項目] | 宇宙論 | 天動説

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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