Tanzimat (English spelling)

Japanese: タンジマート（英語表記）Tanzimât

This refers to a series of "modernization" and "westernization" reform policies in the Ottoman Empire from the issuance of the "Gülhane Edict" in 1839 to the implementation of the "First Constitutional System" in 1876. The term means "reorganization." In the 15th and 16th centuries, the Ottoman Empire built a large empire that spread across three continents, Asia, Africa, and Europe, supported by a solid military force and stable economic and political institutions. However, after the 18th century, the empire's economic power declined due to the shift in East-West trade routes, the centralized political institutions weakened, and its military power weakened significantly. In particular, the country was defeated in the Russo-Turkish Wars of 1768 and 1787, and faced the threat of annihilation. For this reason, in an attempt to overcome the crisis by implementing a westernization reform policy centered on military reform, European systems were introduced into the military, legal, administrative, educational, and cultural sectors. However, it was difficult to resist the economic advance of the European powers, who had already achieved the Industrial Revolution, and the semi-colonization of Turkey was decisive during this period.

Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia About Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia Information

Japanese:

1839年の「ギュルハネ勅令」発布以後 76年の「第1次立憲制」実施までのオスマン帝国における一連の「近代化」「西欧化」改革政策をいう。語義は「再編成」。 15～16世紀には充実した軍事力，安定した経済・政治機構に支えられて，アジア，アフリカ，ヨーロッパ三大陸に広がる大帝国を築いた同帝国も，18世紀以後は東西通商路の転換に伴う経済力の衰退，中央集権的政治機構の弛緩，軍事力の衰微が著しく，特に 1768年と 87年の露土戦争に大敗して，国家は滅亡の危機に直面した。このため軍事改革を中心にした西欧化改革政策を実施して危機を打開しようと，軍事，法制，行政，教育，文化諸部門にヨーロッパ的諸制度を導入した。しかしすでに産業革命をなしとげたヨーロッパ列強の経済的進出の前には抗しがたく，この時期にトルコの半植民地化は決定的となった。

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