Tajima Province

A province on the San'in road. Tanshu. It is in the northern part of present-day Hyogo Prefecture, bordering Tamba and Tango to the east, Harima to the south, Inaba to the west, and the Sea of ​​Japan to the north. It is located in the eastern part of the Chugoku Mountains, and is close to the Japan coast with its mountainous mountains and cliffs, but it lacks good ports and only has a few ports where the wind blows. The Maruyama River, Takeno River, Satsu River, Yura River, Kuto River, Kishida River, and Otochi River flow north from the Harima border, and at their mouths there are fishing ports such as Tsuiyama, Takeno, Satsu, Kasumi, and Hamasaka. It has a lot of precipitation, and is particularly cold in winter, so the population is depopulated. In the Kojiki, it is called Tajima, in the Kujihongi, it is called Tajima or Tajima, and in the Nihonshoki, it is called Tajima. The story of Amenohiboko, who came to this area from Silla, which appears in the Harima no Kuni Fudoki, shows the advanced culture of this region. According to the Engishiki, there were eight districts: Asago, Izushi, Kinosaki, Keta, Mikumi, Futakata, Shitsumi, and Yabu, which continued until the mid-Meiji period. In 1896 (Meiji 29), the new districts were reorganized, with the three districts of Kinosaki, Keta, and Mikan merged into Kinosaki District, and the two districts of Futagata and Shichimi merged into Mikata District, making a total of five districts. Currently, part of Kinosaki District has become Toyooka City, and Yabu District has become Yabu City, making a total of four districts and two cities. The name of the provincial capital, as well as the central stone of the Kokubunji pagoda, remain in Toyooka City.

At the beginning of the Kamakura period, Hitachibo Shomyo came to live in Ota Sho in Izushi County and took the surname Ota. After the rebellion of 1221 (Jokyu 3), he became the governor of Tajima, a position that remained hereditary thereafter. In 1333 (Genko 3), he joined the uprising of Chigusa Tadaaki, but conflict continued throughout the country after that. In 1353 (Shohei 8, Bunwa 2), Yamana Tokiuji submitted to the Southern Court and attacked the province, later joining the Muromachi shogunate, and his fifth son Tokiyoshi took control of the province and built a castle in Izushi, and the position became hereditary for the Yamana clan thereafter. In 1580 (Tensho 8), when Toyotomi Hideyoshi returned to power, Yamana Suketoyo surrendered, and his rule came to an end. Hideyoshi placed his younger brother, Hidenaga Hashiba, in Izushi Castle and Keijun Miyabe in Toyooka Castle. After that, Izushi and Toyooka became feudal domains, with the Koide, Matsudaira (Fujii), and Sengoku families in Izushi, and the Kinoshita, Bito, Akashi, Fukuhara, Sugihara, and Kyogoku families in Toyooka. In addition, the descendants of the Yamana clan held the fief of Muraoka as a Kotai Yoriai, but in 1868 (Meiji 1), their fief was raised to 11,000 koku and they became feudal domains. In terms of industry, a silver mine was developed in Ikuno, and it played an important role as a territory directly controlled by the shogunate. With the abolition of feudal domains and the establishment of prefectures, the three feudal domains of Izushi, Toyooka, and Muraoka each became three prefectures in 1871, which were soon merged into Toyooka Prefecture, and were then incorporated into Hyogo Prefecture in 1876. Ikuno, a former shogunate territory, also became Ikuno Prefecture in 1869, and was later incorporated into Hyogo Prefecture via Toyooka Prefecture.

[Shigeru Kobayashi]

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

山陰道の一国。但州(たんしゅう)。現在の兵庫県の北部、東は丹波(たんば)・丹後(たんご)、南は播磨(はりま)、西は因幡(いなば)に接し、北は日本海に臨む。中国山地の東部に位し、山岳重畳、日本海岸に迫り、断崖(だんがい)奇勝をなすが、良港に乏しく、風待ち港がわずかにある。播磨境から円山(まるやま)川、竹野川、佐津川、油良(ゆら)川、久斗(くと)川、岸田川、大栃川などが北流し、その河口に津居山(ついやま)、竹野、佐津、香住(かすみ)、浜坂などの漁港がある。降水量多く、ことに冬季は寒気厳しく、人口も過疎となっている。『古事記』には多遅麻(たじま)、『旧事本紀(くじほんぎ)』には但遅麻(たじま)または田道間(たじま)、『日本書紀』には但馬とある。『播磨国風土記(ふどき)』にみえる天日槍(あめのひぼこ)が新羅(しらぎ)から当地に来住した説話は、一面この地方の文化の先進性を示している。『延喜式(えんぎしき)』によると、朝来(あさこ)、出石(いずし)、城崎(きのさき)、気多(けた)、美含(みくみ)、二方(ふたかた)、七美(しつみ)、養父(やぶ)の8郡が存在していたが、これは明治中期まで続いた。1896年（明治29）の新郡区編成では城崎、気多、美含の3郡を城崎郡に、二方、七味の両郡を美方(みかた)郡に合併して5郡にした。なお現在、城崎郡のうちの一部が豊岡(とよおか)市になり、養父郡が養父市となり、4郡、2市となっている。豊岡市には国府の地名、国分寺塔心礎が残る。

　鎌倉時代初め、常陸房昌明(ひたちぼうしょうみょう)が出石郡太田荘(しょう)に来住して太田姓を名のり、1221年（承久3）の乱後、但馬守護職につき、以後世襲した。1333年（元弘3）千種忠顕(ちぐさただあき)の決起に加わったが、その後は国中争乱が続いた。1353年（正平8・文和2）山名時氏(やまなときうじ)が南朝に帰順してこの国を攻め、のち室町幕府につき、5子の時義がこの国を領し、出石に築城、以後山名氏の世襲となった。1580年（天正8）豊臣(とよとみ)秀吉の再征で山名祐豊(すけとよ)は降り、その支配は終わった。秀吉は弟羽柴秀長(はしばひでなが)を出石城に、宮部継潤(みやべけいじゅん)を豊岡城に置いた。その後、出石、豊岡はそれぞれ大名領となり、出石は小出(こいで)、松平(まつだいら)（藤井）、仙石(せんごく)の諸氏、豊岡は木下(きのした)、尾藤(びとう)、明石(あかし)、福原(ふくはら)、杉原(すぎはら)、京極(きょうごく)の諸氏が続いた。ほかに、村岡は山名氏の後裔(こうえい)が交替寄合(こうたいよりあい)として知行(ちぎょう)していたが、1868年（明治1）1万1000石に高直しされて大名に列した。産業面では、生野(いくの)に銀山が開発され、幕府直轄領として重要な役割を果たした。廃藩置県で、出石、豊岡、村岡の3藩は71年それぞれ3県となり、まもなく豊岡県に統合、76年兵庫県に編入。天領の生野も1869年生野県となり豊岡県を経て兵庫県に入った。

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