Gift tax - Zouyozei (English spelling) gift tax

Japanese: 贈与税 - ぞうよぜい(英語表記)gift tax
Gift tax - Zouyozei (English spelling) gift tax

A tax levied on assets acquired as gifts from living individuals. Because it acts as a supplement to the inheritance tax, it is stipulated in the Inheritance Tax Law together with the inheritance tax.

There are two types of gift taxes, which correspond to inheritance taxes. One is a system that taxes the person who donates property as a taxpayer (donor taxation), and the other is a system that taxes the person who receives property as a gift as a taxpayer (done-person taxation).

In Japan, the gift tax was established by the amendment of the inheritance tax law in 1947 (Showa 22), and the donor tax system was adopted. However, the amendment of 1950 absorbed the gift tax into the inheritance tax, and the acquisition tax principle, which taxes the person who acquired the property (recipient tax), was adopted. In addition, the lifetime cumulative tax system, which taxes the property acquired through inheritance and gifts during one's lifetime, was introduced. The amendment of 1953 continued to adopt the acquisition tax principle, but abolished the lifetime cumulative tax system, and imposed inheritance tax on each inheritance, and imposed gift tax on the recipient by adding up all the property the recipient received in a calendar year (calendar year tax system). In 2003 (Heisei 15), in addition to the calendar year tax system, the "inheritance tax settlement system" (described below) was established, which integrated the inheritance tax and gift tax (Article 21-9 and following of the Inheritance Tax Law).

[Masami Nozawa January 19, 2018]

Current system

[1] Calendar year tax A taxpayer is an individual who has acquired property through gifts, and the tax base is the total value of the property acquired by the taxpayer through gifts during a calendar year (this amount is called the taxable value of the gift tax). The taxable value of the gift tax is subject to a basic deduction of 1.1 million yen (regardless of the number of donors) and a spousal deduction of up to 20 million yen for residential real estate donated between a married couple who have been married for 20 years or more. The tax amount is calculated by applying a progressive tax rate table ranging from 10% to 55% to the amount remaining after these deductions. The tax rate of the gift tax is divided into special gift property and general gift property. Special gift property is property donated by a direct lineal ascendant (grandparents, parents, etc.) to a person who is 20 years of age or older (children, grandchildren, etc.) on January 1 of that year. General gift property is property that does not fall under special gift property (for example, gifts between siblings, between spouses, or from parent to child when the child is a minor). Reflecting the complementary nature of inheritance tax, both special gift property and general gift property have a more steeply progressive structure than inheritance tax. For example, the minimum tax rate of 10% applies to amounts up to 10 million yen for inheritance tax, whereas the gift tax applies to amounts up to 2 million yen for both. Also, the maximum tax rate of 55% applies to amounts over 600 million yen for inheritance tax, whereas the gift tax applies to amounts over 45 million yen for special gift property and over 30 million yen for general gift property. Donees must file and pay taxes between February 1 and March 15 of the year following the year in which the property was acquired.

[2] Inheritance tax settlement system This system applies when the recipient is the donor's presumptive heir (children and grandchildren over 20 years old) and the donor is over 60 years old, and allows tax payment through gift tax and inheritance tax. The deduction amount is 25 million yen (cumulative), and can be used for multiple years until the deduction amount is reached. However, the basic deduction of 1.1 million yen per year cannot be used. If the gift received exceeds the deduction amount, gift tax is paid on the excess amount (tax rate is a flat 20%), and when the donor dies (at the time of inheritance), the gift property up to that point is incorporated into the inheritance property, and the gift tax paid is settled with inheritance tax. The donor can choose between this inheritance tax settlement system and the conventional calendar year tax system at the time of declaration, but once the inheritance tax settlement system is selected, it cannot be returned to the calendar year tax system. In order to receive the special deduction for inheritance tax settlement, a tax return must be filed between February 1 and March 15 of the year following the year in which the property was acquired, regardless of whether or not any tax has been paid.

Gift property includes all objects and rights that are subject to property rights. However, the following are exempt from gift tax as non-taxable property: (1) property acquired as a gift from a corporation; (2) property acquired from spouses, parents, children, siblings, or other supporters for living expenses or educational expenses that is deemed to be necessary; (3) property acquired by persons engaged in religious, charitable, academic, or other public interest activities that is certain to be used for such activities; (4) rights to receive benefits provided under the Mental and Physical Disability Mutual Aid System for persons with mental or physical disabilities or those who support such persons by ordinance of a local government; (5) money and goods received from individuals for condolence money, wreaths, year-end and New Year gifts, congratulatory gifts, or get-well gifts that are deemed appropriate by social standards; and (6) lump-sum gifts of educational funds, marriage funds, or child-rearing funds received from direct lineal ascendants that meet certain requirements and are not included in the taxable value of the gift tax. In addition, property that is not legally considered to be property acquired by gift, but is essentially the same as property acquired by gift (such as life insurance proceeds for which the insurer has not paid the insurance premiums, benefits from debt forgiveness, trust beneficiary rights, etc.) is subject to gift tax as "deemed gift property."

[Masami Nozawa January 19, 2018]

[Reference] | Gifts made during one's lifetime|Inheritance tax settlement system | Inheritance tax | Gifts

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

生きている個人からの贈与により取得した財産に対して課される税金。相続税の補完税の性質をもつため、相続税法のなかで、相続税とともに規定されている。

 贈与税は、相続税に対応して二つの類型がある。一つは、財産を贈与する者を納税義務者として課税する制度(贈与者課税)であり、もう一つは、贈与によって財産を取得する者を納税義務者として課税する制度(受贈者課税)である。

 日本では、1947年(昭和22)の相続税法改正により贈与税が創設され、贈与者課税制度が採用されていた。しかし、1950年の改正により、贈与税も相続税に吸収され、財産を取得した者に課税する取得税主義が採用された(受贈者課税)。また、一生の間に相続および贈与によって得た財産を総合して課税する一生累積課税方式が導入された。その後1953年の改正により、取得税主義は引き続き採用されたものの、一生累積課税方式が廃止され、相続についてはその都度、相続税を課し、贈与については受贈者が1暦年内に受けた財産をすべて合算して受贈者に贈与税を課すことになった(暦年課税制度)。2003年(平成15)には、暦年課税制度に加えて、相続税と贈与税を一体化した「相続時精算課税」制度(後述)が創設された(相続税法21条の9以下)。

[野澤正充 2018年1月19日]

現行制度

〔1〕暦年課税
納税義務者は、贈与によって財産を取得した個人であり、課税標準は、納税義務者が1暦年間に贈与によって取得した財産の価額の合計である(この額は贈与税の課税価格とよばれる)。贈与税の課税価格からは、基礎控除110万円(贈与者の人数にかかわらずこの金額)と、婚姻期間20年以上の夫婦間において居住用不動産の贈与があったときは、2000万円までの配偶者控除が認められる。これらの控除をした残額に10%から55%にわたる累進税率表を適用して税額が算出される。贈与税の税率は、特例贈与財産と一般贈与財産に区分されている。特例贈与財産は、直系尊属(祖父母や父母など)から、その年の1月1日において20歳以上の者(子・孫など)へ贈与した財産である。また一般贈与財産は、特例贈与財産に該当しない財産(たとえば兄弟間、夫婦間、親から子への贈与で子が未成年者の場合など)である。相続税の補完的性格を反映して、特例贈与財産・一般贈与財産ともに相続税よりも急激な累進構造を採用している。たとえば、10%の最低税率は、相続税では1000万円までの額に適用されるのに対して、贈与税では両者ともに200万円までの額に対して適用される。また55%の最高税率は、相続税では6億円超の額に対して適用されるの対して、贈与税では特例贈与財産は4500万円超、一般贈与財産は3000万円超の額に対して適用される。受贈者は、財産を取得した年の翌年2月1日から3月15日の間に申告と納税を行わなければならない。

〔2〕相続時精算課税
受贈者が贈与者の推定相続人(20歳以上の子と孫)であり、かつ、贈与者が60歳以上の者である場合に適用され、贈与税と相続税を通じた納税を可能とする制度である。その控除額は2500万円(累積)で、控除額に達するまで複数年にわたり利用できる。ただし、年110万円の基礎控除は使えない。そして、控除額を超える贈与を受けた場合は、超える金額について贈与税を納付し(税率は一律20%)、贈与者が死亡したとき(相続時)に、それまでの贈与財産が相続財産へ組み込まれたうえで納付した贈与税は相続税で精算される。贈与者は、この相続時精算課税制度と従来の暦年課税制度とのいずれかを申告時点で選択できるが、一度、相続時精算課税制度を選択したら暦年課税制度に戻ることができなくなる。相続時精算課税の特別控除を受けるためには、納税額の有無にかかわらず、財産を取得した年の翌年2月1日から3月15日の間に申告を行わなければならない。

 贈与財産には、財産権の対象となるすべての物および権利が含まれる。ただし、(1)法人からの贈与により取得した財産、(2)夫婦や親子、兄弟姉妹などの扶養義務者から生活費や教育費にあてるために取得した財産で通常必要と認められるもの、(3)宗教・慈善・学術など公益を目的とする事業を行う者が取得した財産で、その公益を目的とする事業に使われることが確実なもの、(4)地方公共団体の条例によって、精神や身体に障害のある人またはその人を扶養する人が心身障害者共済制度に基づいて支給される給付金を受ける権利、(5)個人から受ける香典、花輪代、年末年始の贈答、祝物または見舞いなどのための金品で、社会通念上相当と認められるもの、(6)直系尊属から一括贈与を受けた教育資金や結婚・子育て資金のうち一定の要件を満たすものとして、贈与税の課税価格に算入されなかったもの、などは非課税財産として贈与税の課税対象から除外される。また、法律的には贈与によって取得した財産とはいえないが、実質的には贈与によって取得した財産と同じである財産(自分が保険料を負担していない生命保険金、債務の免除などによる利益、信託受益権など)は、「みなし贈与財産」として贈与税がかかる。

[野澤正充 2018年1月19日]

[参照項目] | 生前贈与 | 相続時精算課税制度 | 相続税 | 贈与

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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