Occupation - Senryo (English spelling) occupation

Japanese: 占領 - せんりょう(英語表記)occupation
Occupation - Senryo (English spelling) occupation

The bringing under the control of a military force all or part of another country's territory. This can occur during wartime or in peacetime.

The conditions of wartime occupation are determined by the Hague Conventions of 1899 and 1907 and other laws of war. According to them, occupation is established when a territory comes under the de facto control of the enemy army, and is limited to the area over which that power can be exercised. Since occupation is a temporary de facto state, it is not permitted to change its status or annex it during the war with the backing of the occupying army. The occupying authorities can collect taxes and dues, and demand requisitions and levies solely for the needs of the occupying army. However, unless absolutely impossible to do so, they must respect the existing laws of the occupied territory and take all possible measures to maintain and restore public order and life. Furthermore, the people of the occupied territory must not be forced to provide military information, and family honor and rights, personal life, private property, and religious beliefs and observances must be respected. The Fourth Geneva Convention of 1949, taking into account the experience of World War II, established many provisions for the protection of civilians in occupied territories. In particular, it prohibits the forced transfer or deportation of residents of occupied territories to the territory of the occupying power or another country regardless of the reason, obligates the occupying power to use all means possible to ensure the supply of food and medical supplies to the residents, and further stipulates in detail the penal laws applicable to the residents of occupied territories in order to protect them from the arbitrariness of the occupying power and maintain order.

A peacetime military occupation of the territory of a defeated country, also called a postwar or mixed occupation, takes place during an armistice or after the general end of military operations and before the conclusion of a peace treaty. Since there is no longer a state of war, it is debated whether all the rules of wartime occupation apply. The occupation of Japan by the Allied Powers after the signing of the Instrument of Surrender in September 1945 (Showa 20) is an example of this type of occupation.

[Hisakazu Fujita]

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

軍隊が他国領域の全部または一部をその権力下に置くこと。戦時中の占領のほか、平時の占領もある。

 戦時占領は、1899年と1907年のハーグ陸戦規則その他の戦争法規によりその条件が定められている。それによれば、占領は一地方にして事実上敵軍の権力内に帰したときに成立し、その権力を行使しうる地域をもって限りとされる。占領は一時的事実状態であるから、占領軍の力を背景に戦争中その地位の変更や併合を行うことは認められない。占領当局は租税や賦課金を徴収し、占領軍の需要のためのみに現品徴発や課役を要求することなどはできる。しかし絶対的な支障のない限り、占領地の現行法律を尊重し、公共の秩序や生活を維持回復するため施しうべきいっさいの手段を尽くさなければならない。また、占領地の人民を強制して軍事的情報を供与させてはならず、家の名誉や権利、個人の生命、私有財産ならびに宗教の信仰・遵行を尊重しなければならない。1949年ジュネーブ第四(文民)条約は、第二次世界大戦の経験にかんがみて、占領地域の文民保護のための多くの規定を置いた。なかでも、占領地域住民の占領国や他国領域への強制移送または追放を理由のいかんを問わず禁止し、占領国にすべての手段をもって住民の食糧・医療品の供給を確保する義務を負わせ、さらに占領地域の住民に適用される刑罰法令についても、住民を占領国の恣意(しい)から保護し、秩序維持を図るため詳細に定めている。

 敗戦国の領域に対する平時の軍事占領は戦後占領または混合占領ともよばれ、休戦の間あるいは軍事行動の全般的終了後平和条約締結までの間に行われる。この場合もはや交戦状態にはないので戦時占領の諸規則がすべて適用されるか否かについては議論がある。1945年(昭和20)9月降伏文書調印後の連合国による日本占領はこの種の占領の例である。

[藤田久一]

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

<<:  Dye - Senryo (English spelling) dye English

>>:  Chloranthus glaber (English spelling)

Recommend

Edison, Thomas Alva

Born: February 11, 1847 in Milan, Ohio [Died] Octo...

Amati, Andrea - Amati

…His two sons Antonio (c. 1540-c. 1600) and Girol...

Enoshima Shrine

It is located on Enoshima in Fujisawa City, Kanag...

"The Love Suicides of Karasaki"

...Some works are written as Kohina. The first ad...

Political Strategy - Seijoyoryu

A legal book from the Heian period. It originally...

Drowning Girl - Dekijo (English spelling) ni-nu

Refers to the killing of infants in China. The kil...

Allemagne

…A region located almost in the center of Europe....

Medici, Ferdinando I de' (English spelling) MediciFerdinandoIde

… [Hideo Katayama]. … *Some of the terminology th...

Hayashimai - Hayashi

Among the dances performed in kyogen and festivals...

Continental Army

A regular army organized for the American War of I...

External Line Operation - Guysensky

To carry out operations in a position that surroun...

Itayamushi - Itayamushi

...When they infest, the damage is great. In the ...

Ernst, Richard Robert

Born August 14, 1933, Winterthur, Switzerland Swis...

Overkill

It is translated as "excessive genocide."...

Isauri; the Dynasty of Isaurus

A dynasty of the Byzantine Empire (717-802). It wa...