In times of war, goods supplied or transported by the nationals of a neutral country to a belligerent country may be prevented from being supplied by the other belligerent country as a war use. In principle, commerce between neutral and belligerent countries is free, and neutral countries are not required to prohibit their own nationals from engaging in such commerce. However, war contraband may be captured or confiscated during transport. There has been much debate since the 17th century about what goods should be considered war contraband, but the London Declaration of 1909 clearly established the system of war contraband. Articles 22 to 29 of the Declaration divide all goods into prohibited goods and free goods, and further divide prohibited goods into absolute prohibitions (goods used exclusively for war, such as weapons and ammunition) and relative (or conditional) prohibitions (goods used for both war and peaceful purposes, such as food, clothing, money, and ships). However, as the wars became total wars, almost all items were designated as prohibited items during both world wars. Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia About Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia Information |
戦時に中立国国民によって交戦国へ供給,輸送されるもののうち,戦争の用に供されるものとして他方の交戦国がその供給を妨げることのできる財貨。戦時においても中立国と交戦国の通商は原則として自由であり,中立国は自国民にこれを禁止することを要しないが,戦時禁制品に関しては輸送途上で捕獲,没収されることがある。いかなる財貨を戦時禁制品とするかについては,17世紀以降多くの論議を呼んできたが,1909年ロンドン宣言が調印され,戦時禁制品の制度が明文化された。同宣言では第 22条から 29条にかけて,一切の財貨を禁制品と自由品に分け,さらに禁制品を絶対的禁制品 (武器,弾薬などもっぱら戦争に使用される物品) と相対的 (または条件付き) 禁制品 (糧食,衣類,貨幣,船舶など戦争にも平和的目的にも使用される物品) に分けている。しかし戦争が総力戦化するに及んで,両世界大戦においてはほとんどすべての物品が戦時禁制品に指定された。
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