Poll tax - Jintouzei

Japanese: 人頭税 - じんとうぜい
Poll tax - Jintouzei

A taxation system existed in Okinawa until 1902 (Meiji 35). Its origin is unknown, but the prevailing view is that it dates back to the Old Ryukyu (Middle Ages). In the early modern period, village ranks were first determined, and then based on the age of the taxpayer based on a population survey, they were divided into upper (21-40 years old), middle (41-45 years old), lower (46-50 years old), and lower (15-20 years old), and taxes were levied per capita according to the proportions determined for each. The system was implemented throughout Okinawa, but in the early modern period it was implemented more directly in Miyako and Yaeyama in particular. The reason for this was that Miyako and Yaeyama were required to pay a portion of the taxes that should have been paid in rice and millet in exchange for cloth. The cloth to be paid was mainly levied on a per capita basis on women, and quality inspections were strict, giving rise to many tragic stories. Miyako Jofu, Yaeyama Jofu, and Kumejima Tsumugi, which are still handed down today, are a legacy of this. This tax system was preserved even after the Disposition of the Ryukyu Islands (1879), but was abolished due to the rise of the Miyakojima Poll Tax Abolition Movement (1893-94), and was replaced by a modern tax system in 1903.

[Takara Kurayoshi]

[Reference item] | Okinawa (prefecture)

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

1902年(明治35)まで沖縄に存在した租税賦課制度。起源は不明であるが、古琉球(りゅうきゅう)(中世)にさかのぼるとみる見解が有力である。近世では、まず村位を定め、人口調査に基づいて賦課対象となる年齢により、上(じょう)(21~40歳)、中(ちゅう)(41~45歳)、下(げ)(46~50歳)、下々(げげ)(15~20歳)の区分を行い、それぞれに定められた割合に応じて頭割りに租税を課した。沖縄全域で施行されたが、近世ではとくに宮古(みやこ)、八重山(やえやま)において、より直接的な形で施行されていた。その理由は、宮古、八重山に対しては米・粟(あわ)をもって納めるべき租税の一部を反布にかえて納めるよう義務づけていたためである。上納する反布はおもに女性に対して頭割りに課せられ、品質検査も厳しく、さまざまな悲話を生んだ。現在に伝わる宮古上布(じょうふ)や八重山上布、久米島紬(くめじまつむぎ)はその遺産である。琉球処分(1879)後もこの租税制度は温存されたが、宮古島人頭税廃止運動(1893~94)などの高揚により廃止されることとなり、1903年からは近代的税制度に切り替えられた。

[高良倉吉]

[参照項目] | 沖縄(県)

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