A phenomenon in which the direction in which an object appears to be displaced from its true direction due to atmospheric refraction. Mirages are divided into three types based on their optical causes: (1) downward refraction mirages, (2) upward refraction mirages, and (3) lateral refraction mirages, which refer to cases in which virtual images created by abnormal atmospheric refraction are seen downward, upward, and to the side, respectively. Of these, the most commonly seen mirage is (1). (1) Downward refraction mirage A mirage that appears lower than the actual object when the temperature is high near the ground and drops the higher you go. One example is the "mirage" seen on city streets during the day in summer. Mirage is a phenomenon in which images of cars and other objects appear to be upside down, as if there were a puddle on the road. This phenomenon is easier to see if you position your eyes lower than the ground. The mirages seen in deserts are of this type, and are also known as the "Monge phenomenon" because it was first described by the French mathematician Monge, who accompanied Napoleon on his Egyptian campaign. (2) Upward refraction mirage In contrast to deserts and asphalt roads, in places such as polar oceans and bays where cold meltwater flows in, the temperature at the sea surface is low, and the temperature rises with increasing altitude, creating a condition known as "temperature inversion." In such cases, anomalous refraction causes a virtual image to appear above the real image. This is an upward refraction mirage, and is called the "Vince phenomenon" after S. Vince, a British man who first reported this phenomenon. In the case of (2), the virtual image may appear as it is, or it may appear upside down. In Japan, the most famous mirage of this type is the Toyama Bay mirage, which is best seen from April to May. It is likely to appear when the water temperature drops due to the inflow of meltwater and warm air warmed by the land blows over the sea. The one seen along the Okhotsk coast of Hokkaido during the drift ice season is called "phantom ice." (3) Lateral refraction mirage: This is an abnormal refraction of light in the horizontal direction. Such conditions are created when vertical cliffs or walls are heated by sunlight, or when the water temperature is different in the shallows and deep parts of the coast. Lateral refraction mirages often appear in combination with (1) and (2), but a representative example of (3) seen in Japan is the "Shiranui" fire seen in the Ariake Sea and the Yatsushiro Sea in Kyushu. It is believed that some of the phenomena known since ancient times as "fox fire" can be explained by (3). The name "mirage" was given to the phenomenon in China because it is a tower that appears when the imaginary animal "mirage" (mizuchi) exhales. This phenomenon was also called "Kaishi," "Kikenjo," "Kaiyagura," "Nade no Watashi," "Fox Forest," "Kitsunedate," "Sanshi," and "Horai Island." In haiku poetry, it is a seasonal word for spring. [Junkichi Nemoto and Takashi Aoki] [References] | | | |©Shogakukan "> Optical Causes of Mirages The phenomenon of mirages has been known since ancient times, and was called Mirage City, Kimijo Castle, Kaiyagura, Horai Island, etc. Mirages are particularly common in Ise Bay, and have been the subject of many artists. The photo shows a mirage that appeared in the sky above the sea in Kuwana (Kuwana City, Mie Prefecture). Utagawa Shumaro's "Famous Places on the Tokaido: Kuwana Shinkiro" ( National Diet Library collection ) Kuwana's Mirage Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
物体の見える方向が、大気の屈折により真の方向からずれて見える現象。蜃気楼はその光学的原因により次の三つに分けられる。(1)下方屈折蜃気楼、(2)上方屈折蜃気楼、(3)側方屈折蜃気楼で、これらは、大気の異常屈折によってできる虚像がそれぞれ下方、上方および側方に見える場合を意味している。これらのうちもっとも普通に見られる蜃気楼は(1)である。 (1)下方屈折蜃気楼 地上付近の気温が高く、上空にいくほど気温が低くなっているときに、実際の物体より下に見える蜃気楼。夏の日中、街路上に見られる「逃げ水」もその一つ。逃げ水は、あたかも道路上に水たまりがあるように、自動車などの像がその下方に転倒して見られる現象である。この現象は、地面に対して目の位置を低くしたほうが見えやすい。砂漠などで見られる蜃気楼はこのタイプであり、ナポレオンがエジプト遠征をしたときに従軍したフランスの数学者モンジュが初めてこの現象を記述したので「モンジュの現象」ともいう。 (2)上方屈折蜃気楼 砂漠やアスファルトの路面とは反対に、極地の海面や冷たい雪融(ゆきど)け水などの流れ込む湾のような所は、海面の気温が低く、高度を増すほど気温が上昇している「気温の逆転」という状態が現れる。このような場合の異常屈折は虚像が実像の上方に現れる。これが上方屈折蜃気楼で、この現象を初めて報告したイギリスのビンスS. Vinceの名をとって「ビンスの現象」とよんでいる。(2)の場合は、虚像が実像そのままに浮かび上がって見える場合と、倒立して見える場合とがある。日本でこのタイプとして有名なのは富山湾の蜃気楼で、4~5月が見ごろであるが、雪融け水の流入で水温が低下し、その上空に陸地で温められた暖気が吹き渡るようなときに現れやすい。北海道のオホーツク沿岸で流氷の季節に見られるものは「幻氷(げんぴょう)」とよばれている。 (3)側方屈折蜃気楼 水平方向に光が異常屈折するもので、垂直な崖(がけ)や壁などが日差しを受けて熱せられた場合や、海岸の浅瀬と深みの水温の異なる場合などが、そのような条件をつくりだす。側方屈折蜃気楼は(1)(2)と複合して現れる場合も少なくないが、日本で見られる(3)の代表としては九州の有明海(ありあけかい)や八代(やつしろ)海に見られる「不知火(しらぬい)」があげられる。古来「狐火(きつねび)」とよばれる現象の一部には、この(3)によって説明可能な現象もあるものと思われる。 蜃気楼という名称は、中国で想像上の動物である「蜃(みずち)」が気を吐いたとき現れる楼閣という意味からつけられたもので、この現象は、このほかに海市(かいし)、喜見城(きけんじょう)、貝櫓(かいやぐら)、なでの渡り、狐の森、狐楯(きつねだて)、山市(さんし)、蓬莱島(ほうらいとう)などとよばれた。俳諧(はいかい)では春の季語。 [根本順吉・青木 孝] [参照項目] | | | |©Shogakukan"> 蜃気楼の光学的原因 蜃気楼という現象は古くから知られ、海市、喜見城、貝櫓、蓬莱島などとよばれていた。とくに伊勢湾では頻繁に蜃気楼が見られ、多くの絵師たちが題材とした。写真は桑名(三重県桑名市)の海上上空に現れた蜃気楼を描いたもの。歌川周麿画『東海道名所之内 桑名蜃氣樓』国立国会図書館所蔵"> 桑名の蜃気楼 出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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