A city where a country's governing body is located, also called the capital or national capital. A capital city is distinguished from other cities in that it is where the country's political and administrative central administrative functions are concentrated, but since the formation of modern nation states, capitals have generally become large cities with a remarkable concentration of central administrative functions not only for politics and administration, but also for economy, transportation, culture, education, etc. Examples include London in the UK, Paris in France, and Tokyo in Japan. However, in countries where the capital was built purely as a location for the political and administrative central administrative institutions, such as Washington in the US, Canberra in Australia, and Ankara in Turkey, the economic and cultural center may be a city other than the capital. Examples include New York in the US, Sydney in Australia, and Istanbul in Turkey. In principle, each country has one capital, but some countries have their governing institutions located in two or more cities. In South Africa, the government is in Pretoria, the parliament in Cape Town, and the Supreme Court in Bloemfontein. In the Netherlands, the legal capital is Amsterdam, where the Royal Palace is located, but the government and parliament are in The Hague. Capital cities often have special systems in place due to their political importance. In federal states, the capital may be a direct territory of the federal government out of consideration for the political interests of the constituent states (for example, Washington and Canberra). Even capital cities, which have autonomous functions, are usually subject to more control by the central government than other urban municipalities. For a long time, the mayor of Paris, the capital of France, was also the prefect of the department, appointed by the central government (since 1977, the position has been elected by the city council). The Commissioner General of Police of Paris is appointed by the central government, and the London Police in the UK is also under the supervision of the central government. Tokyo, the capital of Japan, is a local government with the same status as other prefectures under the current Local Autonomy Law, but there are no cities, towns, or villages in the center, and instead has a special ward system. The appointment and dismissal of the Superintendent General of the Metropolitan Police Department (established in 1874), which is the capital's police force, requires the approval of the Prime Minister, which is different from prefectural police. As Tokyo is also the political and economic center, it has become a huge city with a significant concentration of industry and population, and faces various urban problems. Therefore, the national government has enacted the Capital Region Development Law, the Capital Region Urban Development Area Development Law, and the Law Concerning Restrictions on Industry, etc. in Existing Urban Areas of the Capital Region, and is taking special measures for the capital region, including the surrounding areas. [Ryōshi Mitsuhashi] Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
一国の統治機関の所在する都市のことで、首府または国都ともいう。首都はその国の政治・行政の中枢的管理機能が集中しているという点で他の都市と区別されるが、近代国家形成以降の首都は、一般に、政治・行政だけでなく、経済、交通、文化、教育などについても中枢的管理機能の集積の著しい大都市となっている。たとえば、イギリスのロンドン、フランスのパリ、日本の東京などである。しかし、アメリカのワシントン、オーストラリアのキャンベラ、トルコのアンカラのように首都が純粋に政治・行政の中枢的管理機関の所在地として計画的に建設された国では、経済・文化の中心都市が首都以外の都市である場合がある。アメリカのニューヨーク、オーストラリアのシドニー、トルコのイスタンブールなどである。 首都は原則として1国1都であるが、統治の諸機関が2都市以上に分離して設置されている国がある。南アフリカ共和国では、政府がプレトリア、議会がケープ・タウン、最高裁判所はブルームフォンテーンにある。また、オランダでは、法的な首都は王宮のあるアムステルダムであるが、政府や議会はハーグにある。 首都については、その政治的重要性から特別の制度が敷かれることが多い。連邦国家では、連邦を構成する各州の政治的利害への配慮から、首都を連邦政府の直轄地とすることがある(たとえばワシントン、キャンベラ)。また、自治体としての権能を有する首都であっても、他の都市自治体以上に中央政府の統制を受ける場合が通例である。フランスの首都パリ市長は、久しく中央政府の任命する県知事の兼任であった(1977年以後は市議会での選挙制)。パリ警視総監は中央政府の任命制であり、イギリスのロンドン警察も中央政府の監督下に置かれている。 日本の首都である東京は、現行地方自治法によれば、他の道府県と同格の地位にある自治体であるが、中心部には市町村を置かず、特別区制度を敷いている。首都警察である警視庁(1874設置)の警視総監の任免は、内閣総理大臣の承認を要する点で、府県警察と異なっている。東京は政治・経済の中心でもあるため、産業・人口の集中の著しい巨大都市となり、さまざまな都市問題に直面しているので、国は、首都圏整備法、首都圏市街地開発区域整備法、首都圏の既成市街地における工業等の制限に関する法律などを制定し、周辺地域を含めた特別の首都圏対策を講じている。 [三橋良士明] 出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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