Law of diminishing returns

Japanese: 収穫逓減の法則 - しゅうかくていげんのほうそく(英語表記)law of diminishing returns
Law of diminishing returns

A fundamental proposition in economics regarding the increase in production factors and the increase in products. It was first theorized as the law of diminishing returns to land by classical economists such as D. Ricardo and T. R. Malthus. The yield from a given piece of land is not proportional to the increase in labor input, and the yield per additional unit of labor diminishes. Therefore, in order to increase yields, land with relatively low fertility and low yields per unit will be gradually used. Based on this law, Ricardo developed the theory of differential rent, believing that rent is generated by the difference in profits between superior and inferior land. Malthus linked this law to his own law of population, which states that population will increase exponentially if left unchecked, and explained that poverty is caused by the natural law that food increase cannot keep up with population growth.

In modern economics (neoclassical school), this law is considered to be applicable to all production factors (capital, land, labor) in all production sectors, and the marginal productivity theory has been developed based on this law. At a given level of technology, if only a specific production factor is increased while the input of other production factors is kept constant, the production volume (marginal product) per additional unit of the increased production factor generally decreases. This is called the law of diminishing returns for production factors (in industry, it is also called the law of diminishing returns). The effect of this law is manifested in the fact that, when the factory and machinery equipment are constant, the average cost per unit of production increases once production exceeds a certain scale.

In both agriculture and industry, the law of diminishing returns does not apply to long-term processes that take into account increases in productivity through inventions and improvements.

[Shuta Sasaki]

[Reference] | Marginal productivity theory

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

生産要素の増加量と生産物の増加量に関する経済学の基本的命題。最初は、D・リカードやT・R・マルサスなど古典派経済学によって、土地の収穫逓減の法則として理論化された。一定の土地からの収穫量は、労働投入量の増大に比例せず、追加労働1単位の収穫量は逓減していく。したがって、収穫量を増大させるためには、相対的に肥沃(ひよく)度が低く単位当り収穫量の低い土地も順次使用されるようになる、というのがこの法則の内容である。リカードはこの法則を基礎に、優等地と劣等地の収益の差が地代を発生させるものと考え、差額地代論を展開した。マルサスは、人口は放置すれば幾何級数的に増加するという独自の人口法則とこの法則とを結び付けて、貧困は、食糧増加が人口増加に追い付かないという自然法則によって生み出されるものと説明した。

 近代経済学(新古典派)では、この法則はあらゆる生産部門のあらゆる生産要素(資本、土地、労働)にも適用できるものと考えており、この法則を基礎に限界生産力説が展開されている。所与の技術水準の下で、特定の生産要素のみを増加させ、他の生産要素の投入量を一定にしておくならば、増加された生産要素の追加1単位当りの生産量(限界生産物)は一般に逓減する。これを生産要素に関する収穫逓減の法則とよんでいる(工業の場合、収益逓減の法則ともいう)。この法則の作用は、工場や機械設備が一定の場合、生産量1単位当りの平均費用が、生産量が一定規模を超えると逓増していくという形で現れる。

 農業の場合にも工業の場合にも、収穫逓減の法則は、発明や改良による生産性の上昇を考慮に入れた長期の過程には妥当しない。

[佐々木秀太]

[参照項目] | 限界生産力説

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