(1) A law that applies to natural phenomena, in which a quantity gradually decreases as a function of spatial coordinates, time, etc., and the state of that decrease is expressed as an exponential function of the independent variable x , exp (-α x ). Here, α is a constant that expresses the rate (speed) of decrease, and α or a multiple of that constant is called the decay constant. A typical example is the law of decay of radioactive atomic nuclei. If the number of radioactive atomic nuclei at time 0 is N 0 , then the number at any time t is N ( t ) = N 0 exp (-λ t ), which is expressed as an exponential function of time t . The decay constant λ in this case is called the decay constant, and 1/λ is called the mean lifetime. There are many other examples of exponential laws, such as the law of cooling and the absorption of light by a layer of material. (2) In general, when a > 0, b > 0 and m and n are any real numbers, the following law applies to exponents. These are called exponential laws. Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia About Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia Information |
(1) 自然現象に対して成り立つ法則で,空間座標や時間などの関数として与えられた量が次第に減少していくとき,その様子が独立変数 x の指数関数 exp (-αx) で表わされるものをいう。ここで,αは減少の割合 (速さ) を表わす定数で,αまたはその定数倍を減衰定数という。代表的な例として,放射性原子核の崩壊法則がある。時刻0における放射性原子核の数を N0 とすると,任意の時刻 t における数は N(t)=N0 exp (-λt) となり,時間 t の指数関数で表わされる。このときの減衰定数 λ を崩壊定数といい,1/λ を平均寿命という。そのほか,冷却の法則や光の物質層による吸収など,指数法則の例は多い。 (2) 一般に,a>0 ,b>0 であって m ,n が任意の実数であるとき,指数について次の法則が成り立つ。これらを指数法則という。 出典 ブリタニカ国際大百科事典 小項目事典ブリタニカ国際大百科事典 小項目事典について 情報 |
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