It is a commercial and industrial city on the shores of Lake Michigan in Illinois, USA. Its population of 2,896,016 and metropolitan population of 9,157,540 (2000) are the third largest after New York and Los Angeles. It is a major administrative, economic, cultural and transportation center in the central United States, and is known as a city that loves to be the best in the world, with the world's busiest O'Hare International Airport (average of 2,300 flights per day), the world's largest grain exchange, the world's largest post office, and the world's tallest apartment building, Lake Point Tower (70 stories, 196 meters). The shores of Lake Michigan are well-maintained with large green parks and a yacht harbor, and the citizens are proud of the beautiful cityscape seen from the lake, which they say is the best in the world. The city's name comes from chicagou', an indigenous Algonquian word meaning "place of wild garlic or onions." The city is located at the mouth of the Chicago River, which flows into Lake Michigan. A dozen kilometers inland from the lake shore, there is a series of moraine hills from the Ice Age. Although they are only about 30 meters high, they are the watershed that divides the North and South of North America, and from this point onwards, the Mississippi River basin flows into the Gulf of Mexico in the south, and the St. Lawrence River basin flows through the Great Lakes in the north. In 1848, a canal was dug across this low watershed, connecting the Great Lakes and the Mississippi River by water, which became the basis for the development of Chicago. The climate is very similar to that of Morioka in Japan, with the average temperature of -5.6°C in the coldest month (January) and 23.4°C in the warmest month (July). However, it is largely continental, and since there are no topographical obstacles to prevent the cold air masses from moving south from the far north of Canada, it is not uncommon for temperatures to drop to around -25°C, especially in winter. Until the end of the 19th century, Chicago's industries were mainly the distribution of corn, wheat, livestock, and lumber from the Midwest, as well as flour milling, meat processing, and lumber processing. However, after the repair of the St. Lawrence Seaway in 1959, Chicago gained the role of an international industrial port city directly connected to the open sea, and the development of Calumet Port and the creation of industrial districts led to the accumulation of steel and machinery industries. Together with other cities within the metropolitan area, such as Gary and South Chicago, Chicago formed the second largest heavy chemical industrial zone in the United States, and major steel factories such as US Steel and Inland Steel, as well as Navistar International, the world's largest agricultural machinery manufacturer, were nurtured. In addition, Chicago's importance as a transportation city has not changed even as the railroad era has given way to the era of highways and airplanes, and it has expanded from an industrial city to a city of commerce, services, finance, culture, and information, strengthening its character as a central city in the Midwest of the United States, and not only domestic companies but also foreign trading companies have made significant inroads into the city. Due to its transportation advantages, it is also a meeting and conference city with many exhibition halls and hotels, and national conferences and exhibitions are held there. There are many tourist attractions. The lakeside parks, which were filled in with the debris after the Great Chicago Fire, are unparalleled in scale in other cities. Grant Park is lined with the Lakeside Expressway, and is home to a municipal airport, a yacht harbor, a natural history museum, an aquarium, a planetarium, an outdoor meeting hall, and an outdoor music hall, with the huge and magnificent Buckingham Fountain at its center. To the north, Lincoln Park stretches for eight kilometers along the lakeshore, and features a swimming beach, a golf course, a shooting range, a sports field, tennis courts, a greenhouse, and a zoo. Chicago, the birthplace of skyscrapers, is internationally renowned as a culmination of modern architecture, and it is said that a stroll through the city's architecture will give you an overview of the history of modern architecture. The white French Renaissance-style Wrigley building (a food processing company that makes chewing gum and other products) is illuminated at night and has become a Chicago landmark. The headquarters building of the large department store Sears (Sears Tower, renamed Willis Tower in 2009) was completed in 1973 and was the tallest in the world until 1996, standing 442 meters tall. The view from the Skydeck, an observation deck on the 110th floor of this building, is also spectacular. You can also take a guided tour of City Hall, the entrance of which is decorated with a steel sculpture (15.2 meters high and weighing 149 tons) designed by Picasso for Chicago, the Grain Exchange, and the Commodity Exchange. Old Town, close to the city center, is bustling with handicraft and craft shops, restaurants, bars, and nightclubs, and is bustling until late at night. On the other hand, from the late 19th century to the early 20th century during the Prohibition era, Chicago gangsters, including Al Capone, had powerful organizations, deepening the impression of the city as a crime-ridden city. Chicago is also home to the Chicago Symphony Orchestra, and is a cultural city with many art galleries and museums, including the John G. Shedd Aquarium (opened in 1930) built on the shores of Lake Michigan, the Art Institute of Chicago, which has a collection of French Impressionist works, and the large-scale Museum of Science and Technology. There are also many high-level universities, such as the University of Illinois and the University of Chicago, and with six universities with medical departments in particular concentrated in the city, it is known as the world's mecca for medicine. [Tatsuo Ito] The birthplace of skyscrapers, Chicago is internationally renowned as a culmination of modern architecture . Chicago skyscrapers Formerly known as the Sears Tower, it was the tallest building in the world when it was completed. It has 110 floors and is 442 meters tall. Chicago, USA ©Masashi Tanaka "> Willis Tower Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
アメリカ合衆国、イリノイ州のミシガン湖畔にある商工業都市。人口289万6016、大都市圏人口915万7540(2000)はともにニューヨーク、ロサンゼルスに次いで第3位である。合衆国中部地域の行政・経済・文化・交通の一大中心地で、世界一忙しいオヘア国際空港(1日平均2300便)、世界一の穀物取引所、世界一大きい郵便局、世界一高いマンションのレイク・ポイント・タワー(70階、196メートル)などがあって、世界一が好きな都市として知られる。ミシガン湖岸には広い緑の公園とヨット・ハーバーがよく整備され、湖上から眺める都市景観のみごとさをも市民は世界一と誇りにしている。市名は先住民アルゴンキンのことばで「野生のニンニクあるいはタマネギのある場所」という意味のchicagou'に由来する。 市はミシガン湖に注ぐシカゴ川の河口に位置する。湖岸から内陸に十数キロメートル入ると、氷河時代の堆石丘(たいせききゅう)が連なる。比高30メートルほどであるが、これが北アメリカ大陸の南北を分ける分水嶺(ぶんすいれい)で、これを境に南はミシシッピ川の流域でメキシコ湾へ注ぎ、北は五大湖を経てセント・ローレンス川の流域となる。1848年にこの低い分水嶺を刻んで運河が掘られ、五大湖とミシシッピ川が水路で結ばれたことがシカゴの発達の基礎となった。気候は最寒月(1月)の平均気温が零下5.6℃、最暖月(7月)の平均気温が23.4℃で、日本の盛岡とよく似ている。しかし、大陸性が大きく、とくに冬はカナダ極北から南下する寒冷気団を妨げる地形的障害がないため、零下25℃ぐらいになることも珍しくない。 19世紀末までのシカゴの産業は、中西部のトウモロコシ、小麦、家畜、木材の集散と、製粉、食肉加工、木材加工が主であった。しかし、1959年にセント・ローレンス水路の改修が行われると、シカゴに外洋と直結する国際的工業港湾都市としての役割を加え、カルメット港の整備と工場地帯の造成により鉄鋼業と機械工業の集積が進んだ。ゲーリー、サウス・シカゴなど都市圏内の諸都市とともに合衆国第二の重化学工業地帯が形成され、USスチール、インランドスチールなど鉄鋼業の主力工場、農業機械では世界最大級のナビスター・インターナショナルが育った。また、交通都市としての重要さは、鉄道時代が高速道路と航空機の時代に移っても変わらず、産業都市から商業・サービス・金融・文化・情報の都市へと幅を広げ、合衆国中西部の中枢都市の性格を強め、国内企業のみでなく外国商社の進出も著しい。交通上の利点から全国的な会議や展示会が催され、展示場やホテルが多い集会・会議都市でもある。 観光の見どころは豊富である。シカゴ大火後に残骸(ざんがい)で埋め立てた湖岸の公園は、他都市に類をみない規模の大きさである。グラント公園には湖岸高速道が走り、市営飛行場、ヨットハーバー、自然博物館、水族館、プラネタリウム、野外集会場、野外音楽堂などがあり、中心に巨大で華麗なバッキンガム噴水がある。その北には湖岸に8キロメートルにわたってリンカーン公園が広がり、湖水浴場、ゴルフ場、射撃場、運動場、テニスコート、温室植物園、動物園などがある。摩天楼の発祥地であるシカゴは近代建築の集大成として国際的に定評があり、市内の建築をひととおり見て歩くと現代建築史を総括できるといわれる。なかでもフランス・ルネサンス風のリグレー(チューインガムなどの食品加工会社)の白いビルは、夜は照明が当てられ、シカゴのランドマークとなっている。1973年に完成した大型百貨店シアーズの本社ビル(シアーズ・タワー。2009年以降ウィリス・タワーに名称変更)は高さ442メートルで、1996年までは世界一の高さを誇っていた。このビルの110階展望台「スカイデッキ」からの眺めも絶景である。ピカソがシカゴのためにデザインした鋼鉄の彫刻(高さ15.2メートル、重さ149トン)が玄関前を飾る市庁舎、穀物取引所、商品取引所などもガイドの案内で見物できる。都心に近いオールド・タウンは、手芸・民芸品店、レストラン、バー、ナイトクラブなどが集まっていて夜遅くまでにぎわう。一方、19世紀後半から20世紀初期の禁酒法時代にかけては、アル・カポネに代表されるシカゴ・ギャングが強大な組織をもち、犯罪都市の印象を深めたこともある。また、シカゴ交響楽団の本拠地であるほか、美術館、博物館の数も多い文化的な都市であり、ミシガン湖岸に建てられたジョン・G・シェド水族館(1930開館)、フランス印象派の作品を集めたシカゴ美術館、大規模な科学技術博物館などが有名である。イリノイ大学、シカゴ大学など水準の高い大学も多く、とくに医学部門をもつ6大学が集まっているため、医学では世界のメッカといわれる。 [伊藤達雄] 摩天楼発祥の地で、近代建築の集大成として国際的に定評がある。アメリカ シカゴ©Masashi Tanaka"> シカゴのビル街 かつてはシアーズ・タワーの名で知られ、完成当時は世界一の高さを誇った。110階建てで、高さ442メートル。アメリカ シカゴ©Masashi Tanaka"> ウィリス・タワー 出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
>>: Qualification system - Shikakusei
A general term for powdered or clay-like refractor...
Color is not an attribute of an object or light. C...
…The extramammary effects of prolactin include pr...
This refers to the political institution establish...
…In the Shennong Bencao, China's oldest pharm...
…The Baltic Sea was the only sea route for the Ba...
...For this equation, T 3 - pT 2 -4 rT +(4 pr - q...
796 koro-861 An Egyptian-born Islamic mystic. Afte...
A term in Chinese philosophy. In the Great Learni...
...Under Stalin's regime, Armenia suffered a ...
A type of brick used for exterior decoration of bu...
This refers to the transportation of electricity ...
A double salt of theophylline and ethylenediamine...
A term used to refer to the mounted warriors who ...
One of the positions in the Edo Shogunate. Establ...