Right of self-defense

Japanese: 自衛権 - じえいけん(英語表記)right of self-defense
Right of self-defense

The right of a state to take necessary measures to defend itself when its rights and interests are illegally infringed by a foreign country. In response to domestic criminal law, which uses self-defense as a ground for precluding illegality, this right was originally established as a peacetime right in international law. In other words, as long as there is an urgent and unavoidable need to defend against an infringement by a foreign country and the measure is not disproportionate to the degree of the infringement, the illegality of the defensive measures will be precluded, even if they are illegal under international law. A famous example of this is the Caroline incident. In 1837, British troops raided the American ship Caroline, which was carrying rebels from British Canada, on American territory. Britain justified this as an act based on the need for "self-defense and self-preservation," while the United States stated that for the use of force to be recognized as self-defense, not only must it be proven to be necessary and urgent, but the means used must also be within the limits of what is necessary.

The right of self-defense has been recognized within necessary limits in this way, against the backdrop of classical international law, in which war itself was considered to be free. Since war, the unlimited use of force, is free, the right of self-defense was a concept that only had meaning in peacetime law relations that did not lead to a state of war. However, after World War I, when war itself came to be considered illegal under international law, the right of self-defense became an important concept as a reason for preventing the illegality of war or the use of force. For example, even when war was generally prohibited by the 1928 Kellogg-Briand Pact, all countries understood that the exercise of the right of self-defense was not included in the prohibition of war.

Article 51 of the United Nations Charter recognizes the "inherent right of individual or collective self-defense in the event of an armed attack." However, this right is limited to "until the Security Council has taken measures necessary to maintain international peace and security," and "measures taken by Members in the exercise of the right of self-defense shall be immediately reported to the Security Council." This formula has been adopted in many treaties, such as the Japan-US Security Treaty (Preamble and Article 5), and can be said to be universally accepted by countries. Some scholars hold that the right of self-defense is permitted not only when an armed attack occurs, but also when a preemptive attack is imminent, and also when an armed attack is not implemented, and when the right of self-defense is exercised against the non-organized military infringement of the lives and property of one's own nationals in a foreign territory. However, exceptions to the prohibition of war and the use of force should be interpreted strictly, and it is not appropriate to interpret the Charter in this way in a way that deviates from the wording of the Charter.

Article 9 of the Japanese Constitution renounces war, but makes no mention of the right of self-defense. The government and many academic scholars interpret this as meaning that the right of self-defense has not been renounced. However, whether the Constitution permits the possession of military force as a means of effectively exercising the right of self-defense is a separate issue. The government interprets this as meaning that war and the use of force based on the right of self-defense are not unconstitutional, and that there is no problem with possessing the minimum amount of military force necessary for that purpose, but many academic scholars are opposed to this.

[Yasuo Ishimoto]

[Reference] | Right of collective self-defense

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

外国によって、自国の権利や利益が違法に侵害されたとき、国家がこれを防衛するために必要な措置をとる権利。国内刑法が正当防衛を違法性阻却事由とするのと対応して、もともと国際法では平時法上の権利として確立した。すなわち、外国による侵害に対して、これを防衛する緊急やむをえない必要があり、かつ侵害の程度と均衡を失しない限り、防衛のための措置は、本来、国際法上違法なものであっても、その違法性が阻却されるものとされた。その例としてはカロライン号事件が有名である。1837年イギリス領カナダの反徒を乗せたアメリカ船カロライン号をイギリス軍隊がアメリカ領で急襲した事件で、イギリスがこれを「自衛および自己保存」の必要に基づく行為として正当化したのに対し、アメリカは、武力行使が自衛のものと認められるためには、必要性と緊急性の証明を要するのみならず、その手段も必要な限度内のものでなければならないと述べた。

 このように自衛権が必要な限度内で認められるとされてきたのは、戦争そのものが自由とされた古典的国際法を背景としてであった。力の無限界的行使たる戦争が自由である以上、自衛権は戦争状態に至らぬ平時法上の関係でのみ意味をもつ概念であった。しかし、第一次世界大戦後、戦争そのものが国際法上で違法とされるようになると、自衛権はむしろ、戦争または武力行使の違法性の阻却される事由として重要な概念となる。たとえば、1928年の不戦条約で戦争が一般に禁止されたときも、自衛権の行使は戦争禁止のなかに含まれないことが各国によって了解された。

 国際連合憲章は第51条で「武力攻撃が発生した場合に」「個別的又は集団的自衛の固有の権利を」認めるとしている。もっとも、それは「安全保障理事会が国際の平和及び安全の維持に必要な措置をとるまでの間」に限られ、また、「自衛権の行使に当つて加盟国がとつた措置は、直ちに安全保障理事会に報告」すべきものとされている。この定式は、たとえば日米安全保障条約(前文・第5条)など多くの条約のなかに採用され、いわば普遍的に諸国によって受け入れられているといってよい。学説のなかには、武力攻撃が発生した場合に限らず、武力攻撃の差し迫った段階で先制攻撃を行うことも、また外国領域内の自国民の生命・財産に対する組織的兵力によらない侵害に対して自衛権を行使することも認められるとするものもないではない。しかし戦争や武力行使の禁止に対する例外は厳格に解釈すべきもので、このように憲章の文言を離れた解釈をとることは適当でない。

 日本国憲法第9条は戦争放棄を定めるが、自衛権についてはまったく触れられていない。自衛権は放棄されていないとみるのが、政府および多数の学説の解釈である。もっとも、自衛権を実効的に行使する手段として軍事力を保有することが憲法上許されるかどうかは別の問題である。政府は自衛権に基づく戦争や武力行使は違憲でないという解釈をとり、そのために必要最小限の軍事力を保有することも差し支えないとしているが、多数の学説はむしろこれに反対している。

[石本泰雄]

[参照項目] | 集団的自衛権

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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