It refers to the provisions regarding how jurisdiction is divided when multiple courts exercise jurisdiction, and its meaning differs depending on whether it is a civil lawsuit, a criminal lawsuit, or an international trial. [Takeyoshi Uchida and Tetsuo Kato] Jurisdiction in civil casesIn Japan, jurisdiction in civil litigation is divided between the Supreme Court and lower courts, but the scope of jurisdiction that is the authority of a particular court is called the jurisdiction of that court. In other words, in Japan, there are the Supreme Court and the lower courts established by the Court Act, such as the High Court, District Court, Family Court, and Summary Court (Article 76 of the Constitution, Articles 1 and 2 of the Court Act), and many similar lower courts coexist. The provision on distributing cases to these various courts and having them exercise jurisdiction is called jurisdiction. Therefore, since the jurisdiction of a court is determined based on the cases distributed to that court, jurisdiction can also be said to be the scope of cases distributed to that court. However, jurisdiction and distribution of affairs are completely different. Distribution of affairs is an issue between multiple judicial institutions (courts in the narrow sense) within the same court, and not a relationship with the outside world of the court. Jurisdiction also needs to be distinguished from jurisdiction. Jurisdiction is an issue of authority regarding the trial and adjudication of specific cases, considering the Japanese courts as a whole, while jurisdiction is an issue of which court will trial a specific case, assuming that it has jurisdiction. All domestic cases are necessarily subject to the jurisdiction of one or another court. The Civil Procedure Law provides multiple standards for the allocation of cases to each court, and different standards for allocation result in different classifications of jurisdiction. The main ones are (1) judicial jurisdiction, subject matter jurisdiction, territorial jurisdiction, and functional jurisdiction, (2) discretionary jurisdiction, exclusive jurisdiction, and (3) statutory jurisdiction, designated jurisdiction, consensual jurisdiction, and plea-based jurisdiction. Whether a court has jurisdiction over a particular case is a matter of the litigation requirements, which are prerequisites for making a judgment on the merits. Jurisdiction is determined based on the time of indictment (filing of a lawsuit) (Article 15), so once jurisdiction has been determined, it is not affected by changes in the matters that determine jurisdiction after indictment. For example, it is not affected by a change in the defendant's address. The court may investigate the existence of jurisdiction at its own discretion, and in that case, unlike the case of a trial on the merits, it may examine evidence at its own discretion on matters related to jurisdiction (Article 14). In addition, in appellate courts, except in cases of exclusive jurisdiction, the parties cannot assert that the court of first instance did not have jurisdiction (Article 299). In the case of exclusive jurisdiction, which grants jurisdiction only to a specific court and not to other courts, a violation of the exclusive jurisdiction may not only be asserted in the appellate court, but also be an absolute ground for appeal (Article 312, Paragraph 2, Item 3). [Takeyoshi Uchida and Tetsuo Kato] Jurisdiction in criminal casesIn criminal procedure law, the jurisdiction of a court refers to the authority of a particular court to try a particular case. The reason for the jurisdiction system is the need to appropriately distribute cases to each court and to protect the interests of the defendant. It is broadly divided into statutory jurisdiction and adjudicatory jurisdiction, each of which is further subdivided as follows: [Ichiro Uchida] Legal Jurisdiction[1] Jurisdiction on the Basis of Jurisdiction This refers to the judicial powers that a court has as a court of first instance, based on the severity of the case. (1) Summary courts have jurisdiction on certain crimes, such as theft and embezzlement, in addition to crimes punishable by fines or less and crimes for which fines are optional (Court Law, Article 33, Paragraph 1, Item 2). However, summary courts cannot impose penalties of imprisonment or more in principle. As an exception, they can impose imprisonment of up to three years for certain crimes, such as trespass, theft, and embezzlement (Court Law, Article 33, Paragraph 2). When a summary court deems it appropriate to impose a sentence exceeding the above limit, it must transfer the case to a district court (Court Law, Article 33, Paragraph 3; Criminal Procedure Law, Article 332). (2) District courts have jurisdiction on all cases, in principle (Court Law, Article 24). (3) High courts have jurisdiction on cases related to Articles 77 to 79 of the Penal Code (offenses related to civil war) (Court Law, Article 16, Paragraph 4). [2] Territorial jurisdiction refers to the judicial authority of a court that has jurisdiction over land that has a special relationship to a crime. Since there is only one Supreme Court, the issue of territorial jurisdiction does not arise, but for other courts, the issue of which court with subject matter jurisdiction should decide the case does arise. Therefore, the law stipulates the jurisdictional district of each court, and if the location of the crime in a particular case or the address, residence, or current location of the defendant is within this jurisdictional district, the court in question will have jurisdiction over that case (Article 2 of the Law on the Establishment and Jurisdiction of Lower Courts). According to precedent, the current location refers to "the area where the defendant is actually located, either voluntarily or by lawful coercion, at the time of the initiation of the prosecution." [3] Jurisdiction: This refers to the judicial powers that courts other than the court of first instance have due to their jurisdiction. (1) The jurisdiction of the High Court is for appeals against first instance judgments of the District Court, judgments of the Family Court, and judgments of the Summary Court in criminal matters, and, in principle, appeals against decisions and orders of the District Court and the Family Court, and decisions and orders of the Summary Court in criminal matters (Article 16 of the Court Law). (2) The jurisdiction of the Supreme Court is for appeals and special appeals (Article 7 of the same Law). [Moriichi Taguchi] Jurisdiction[1] Jurisdiction by designation: When the jurisdiction of a court is unclear, jurisdiction is determined by a decision of a higher court. [2] Jurisdiction by transfer: When there is a competent court, but due to special circumstances, a higher court by decision terminates its jurisdiction and gives jurisdiction to another court. [Moriichi Taguchi] Different jurisdictionWhen the defendant's case does not fall within the jurisdiction of the court in question, a judgment of non-jurisdiction is rendered in principle (Criminal Procedure Code, Article 329). However, with regard to territorial jurisdiction, a judgment of non-jurisdiction cannot be rendered unless the defendant requests it (Criminal Procedure Code, Article 331, Paragraph 1). [Ichiro Uchida and Morikazu Taguchi] Jurisdiction in international courtsFor example, when a dispute arises between companies belonging to different countries over a commercial transaction and is referred to a court procedure to resolve it, or when a dispute arises between international couples over the confirmation of custody of a child, the jurisdiction of the international court is which country's court will handle the case. There is no clear international agreement on this matter, and the ideas are different between common law countries such as the UK and continental law countries such as Germany. In general, cases are handled according to the domestic law of each country, and it is quite possible that the judgments will differ from country to country. Therefore, those who wish to undergo an international trial must choose a country in advance where they are likely to obtain a favorable judgment and file a lawsuit or request confirmation of custody, or must decide through discussion between the parties in the lawsuit. To avoid this, a treaty is necessary, but there are very few treaties that stipulate jurisdiction, except for the "Convention on Jurisdiction and Enforcement of Judgments in Civil and Commercial Matters" signed in 1968 by the founding member states of the EC (European Community), the predecessor of the EU (European Union). However, this does not apply to countries other than the treaty-contracting countries. In addition, when an international trial that seeks to resolve an international dispute based on international law is conducted based on the agreement of the parties to the dispute, the international court has compulsory jurisdiction. Currently, the International Court of Justice is located in The Hague in the Netherlands as a permanent international court, and as of March 2007, 66 countries have recognized its compulsory jurisdiction. [Editorial Department] [Reference] | | |Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
複数の裁判所間で裁判権を行使する際の分掌の仕方に関する定めをいい、民事訴訟、刑事訴訟、国際裁判のそれぞれにより意味が異なる。 [内田武吉・加藤哲夫] 民事訴訟における裁判管轄日本の民事訴訟における裁判管轄権は、最高裁判所および下級裁判所において分掌しているが、ある特定の裁判所の権限とされた裁判管轄の範囲を、その裁判所の管轄という。すなわち、日本の裁判所には、最高裁判所と裁判所法によって設置された下級裁判所としての高等裁判所・地方裁判所・家庭裁判所および簡易裁判所があり(憲法76条、裁判所法1条、2条)、下級裁判所は同種のものが多数併存している。これらの多種多様な裁判所に、事件を分配して裁判権を行わせるについての定めを管轄と称する。したがって、裁判所の管轄は、その裁判所に分配される事件を基準として定められるから、管轄とはその裁判所に分配される事件の範囲ともいえる。しかし管轄と事務分配とはまったく異なる。事務分配は同一裁判所内における複数の裁判機関(狭義の裁判所)の間の問題であり、裁判所の外部に対する関係ではない。また管轄は裁判権とも区別することを要する。裁判権は日本の裁判所を一体とみて特定事件の審理裁判に関する権限の問題であり、管轄は裁判権のあることを前提として特定事件をどの裁判所が審理裁判するかの問題である。すべての国内事件は、かならずいずれかの裁判所の管轄に属する。 各裁判所への事件の分配について民事訴訟法は複数の基準を設けており、その分配の基準が異なることにより異なった管轄の分類をしている。おもなものは、(1)審級管轄、事物管轄、土地管轄、職務管轄、(2)任意管轄、専属管轄、(3)法定管轄、指定管轄、合意管轄、応訴管轄、などである。ある裁判所が特定事件について管轄権を有するか否かは本案判決をするための前提要件たる訴訟要件の問題である。管轄は起訴(訴えの提起)のときを標準として定められるから(15条)、一度定まった管轄は起訴後管轄を定める事柄に変更があっても影響されない。たとえば、被告の住所が変わっても影響はない。裁判所は管轄の有無については職権で調査することができるし、その場合本案審理と異なり、管轄に関する事項については職権をもって証拠調べをすることができる(14条)。 なお、控訴審においては、専属管轄違いの場合を除き、当事者は第一審裁判所が管轄権を有しなかったことを主張することはできない(299条)。特定の裁判所だけに管轄を認め、他の裁判所の管轄権を認めない専属管轄の場合、その違反があれば控訴審で主張できることはもちろん、絶対的上告理由にもなる(312条2項3号)。 [内田武吉・加藤哲夫] 刑事訴訟における裁判管轄刑事訴訟法では、裁判所の管轄とは、特定の裁判所が特定の事件について裁判をすることのできる権限のことをいう。管轄制度の認められる理由は、各裁判所に事件の適当な分配を行う必要と、被告人の利益を保護する必要とによる。法定管轄と裁定管轄とに大別され、それぞれ以下のように細分される。 [内田一郎] 法定管轄〔1〕事物管轄 〔2〕土地管轄 〔3〕審級管轄 [田口守一] 裁定管轄〔1〕指定による管轄 〔2〕移転による管轄 [田口守一] 管轄違い被告事件が受訴裁判所の管轄に属しないときは、原則として、管轄違いの判決が言い渡される(刑事訴訟法329条)。ただし、土地管轄については、被告人の申立てがなければ、管轄違いの言渡しをすることはできない(同法331条1項)。 [内田一郎・田口守一] 国際裁判における裁判管轄たとえば、それぞれ異なる国に所属する企業の間で商取引に関する紛争が生じ、その解決が裁判手続に付された場合や、国際結婚の夫婦間に子供の親権確認の争いが発生した場合などに、どの国の裁判所が取り扱うかが、国際裁判における裁判管轄である。これについては国際的な取決めが明確なわけではなく、またイギリスなどの英米法とドイツなどの大陸法では考え方が異なる。一般にはそれぞれの国の国内法によって処理されており、国によって判決が異なることも十分に予想される。そのため、国際裁判を受けようとするものは、あらかじめ自己に有利な判決が得られそうな国を選んで訴訟を起こしたり、親権確認を求めたりするか、あるいは訴訟当事者間で話し合って決めねばならない。このようなことを避けるためには条約が必要であるが、裁判管轄を取り決めた条約はほとんどなく、わずかにEU(ヨーロッパ連合)の前身であるEC(ヨーロッパ共同体)の創設加盟国が1968年に署名した「民事及び商事に関する裁判管轄及び判決の執行に関する条約」がある。しかし、これも条約締結国以外の国には当てはまらない。 また、国際間の紛争の解決を国際法に基づいて行おうとする国際裁判が、紛争当事国の合意に基づいて行われる場合には、国際裁判所に強制的管轄権がある。現在、常設の国際裁判所としてオランダのハーグに国際司法裁判所があるが、その強制的管轄権を承認している国は2007年3月時点で66か国である。 [編集部] [参照項目] | | |出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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