A general term for cancers that primarily occur within the oral cavity. Oral cancer accounts for around 90% of malignant tumors in the oral region, but is thought to account for around 2% of all cancers. By gender, oral cancer is more common in men than women (in Japan, there are roughly twice as many male patients as female patients). By age, the incidence starts to increase from the 40s, which is known as the cancer age, and is most prevalent in the 50s and 60s, but as the average age rises, the incidence rate among the elderly is also increasing. By location, tongue cancer is the most common in Japan, followed by gingival cancer, with floor of the mouth cancer and buccal mucosa cancer being relatively rare. Other cancers that can be seen include hard palate cancer and lip cancer. [Shinobu Ikeuchi] Occurrence and symptomsOral cancer can be classified according to the type of cells from which it develops, into squamous cell carcinoma, adenocarcinoma, adenoid cystic carcinoma, etc. Although the cause of its development is unclear, smoking, drinking alcohol, and poor oral hygiene are cited as risk factors, and it is thought that the incidence rate is three times higher when smoking is accompanied by drinking alcohol than when smoking alone. It is also said that a combination of genetic factors, radiation, viruses, and irritation from cavities and dentures can be triggers. Symptoms include no pain at all in the early stages, or a stinging sensation when eating or drinking irritating foods, but as the disease progresses, spontaneous pain occurs, and those that develop in movable parts of the body such as the tongue, lips, and cheeks can cause movement disorders. As the disease progresses further, a necrotic odor is produced, but various symptoms can appear depending on the site of onset and the stage of the disease. The initial forms are classified into (1) ulcerative type, (2) granulation type, (3) swelling type, (4) papilloma type, and (5) vitiligo type. The ulcerative type is often seen on the tongue and cheek mucosa, and initially shows erosion or shallow ulceration, and as the surrounding area gradually becomes raised, the ulcer surface necroses, collapses, and becomes crater-like. Bleeding is not usually observed. The granulation type has a uniform, flesh-colored, soft, granular tissue surface, does not bleed, and a hard mass (hardened area) can be felt. The swelling type is a swelling of the mucosa that appears normal at first glance, with a hard mass deep inside. In some cases, the center of this swelling becomes necrotic, and the condition progresses in a manner similar to the ulcerative type. The papilloma type has a wart-like or small granular collection or a rough surface, with an ulcer or hard mass inside. The vitiligo type can be difficult to distinguish from a precancerous lesion called leukoplakia. A definitive diagnosis is made by histopathological examination, but imaging diagnostics such as CT scans, MRI (magnetic resonance imaging), and ultrasound are useful for confirming the spread of the tumor and the presence or absence of lymph node metastasis. Lymph node metastasis is a characteristic of the progression of oral cancer. Lymph node metastasis can occur in any type of oral cancer, but is particularly common in tongue cancer, and usually spreads to the cervical lymph nodes, including the submandibular region. It is said that the rate of metastasis is more related to the depth of invasion than to the macroscopic size of the tumor in the oral cavity. Metastasis can also occur to distant organs such as the lungs, liver, bones, and brain, in which case the prognosis is poor. [Shinobu Ikeuchi] TreatmentTreatment methods include surgical removal of the tumor, radiation therapy, chemotherapy (drug therapy using anticancer drugs), and immunotherapy, and each of these is used alone or in combination. The choice is determined by the location and size of the cancer, histopathological diagnosis, and the presence or absence of metastasis. If the tumor has progressed and tissue loss due to surgical removal is large, soft tissues such as the tongue are reconstructed using plastic surgery techniques such as pectoralis major myocutaneous flaps and free forearm flaps. In addition, defects such as jaw bones are reconstructed using autologous bone grafts or artificial bones. Meanwhile, in the 1980s, a superselective combined intra-arterial radiation therapy was developed, in which an anticancer drug is directly injected into the artery that supplies nutrients to the cancer tissue and radiation is simultaneously applied. If surgery can be avoided using this method, the functions of eating and speaking will not be impaired and the quality of life (QOL) of oral cancer patients will be maintained, but at present no results have been shown to surpass surgical treatment. For cervical lymph node metastasis, it is common to perform a neck dissection, in which the lymph nodes, veins, muscles, and fatty tissue other than the major organs in the neck are removed in one go. [Shinobu Ikeuchi] [References] | | | | |Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
口腔内に原発する癌の総称である。口腔癌は、口腔領域における悪性腫瘍(しゅよう)のうち90%前後を占めるが、癌全体のなかで占める割合は2%程度と考えられている。性別では女性より男性に多い(日本では男性患者が女性患者の約2倍)。年齢別ではいわゆる癌年齢といわれる40歳代より増加し始め、50~60歳代がもっとも多いが、平均年齢の上昇に伴い、高齢者の罹患(りかん)率が高まっている。部位別では、わが国では舌癌がもっとも多く、歯肉癌がこれに次ぎ、口底癌、頬(きょう)粘膜癌は比較的少ない。そのほか硬口蓋(こうがい)癌、口唇癌などがみられる。 [池内 忍] 発生と症状口腔癌を発生母地となる細胞の種類により分類すると、扁平(へんぺい)上皮癌、腺(せん)癌、腺様嚢胞(せんようのうほう)癌などに分けられる。発生の原因は明らかではないが、喫煙、飲酒、口腔不衛生が危険因子としてあげられ、とくに飲酒を伴う喫煙は喫煙単独に比べて発生率が3倍高くなると考えられている。また、遺伝要因、放射線、ウイルス、う歯(むしば)や義歯による刺激などが複合して誘因になるといわれている。 症状は、初期には痛みはまったくないか、あるいは刺激性の飲食物がしみる程度であるが、進行すると自発痛を生じ、舌、口唇、頬(ほお)など可動部に発生したものでは運動障害がおこるようになる。さらに進行すると壊死(えし)臭を生じるが、発生部位、病期などによってさまざまな所見を呈する。 初期の形態は、(1)潰瘍型、(2)肉芽型、(3)膨隆型、(4)乳頭腫型、(5)白斑(はくはん)型に分類される。潰瘍型は舌、頬粘膜などに多くみられ、初期にはびらん、あるいは浅い潰瘍を示し、しだいに周辺が隆起するとともに、潰瘍面は壊死、陥没し噴火口状となる。出血は通常みられない。肉芽型は、表面は均一で肉色のぶつぶつした柔らかい顆粒(かりゅう)状の組織で、出血はなく、硬結(硬くなった部位)を触れる。膨隆型は、一見正常にみえる粘膜が膨隆し、深部に硬結がある。またこの膨隆の中央部が壊死し、潰瘍型に似た形で進行していくものもある。乳頭腫型は、いぼ状あるいは小顆粒の集合、またはざらざらした面がみられ、その内部に潰瘍や硬結がある。白斑型は白板(はくばん)症とよばれる前癌病変と区別がつきにくいこともある。確定診断は病理組織検査によってなされるが、腫瘍の広がりやリンパ節転移の有無の確認には、CTスキャン、MRI(核磁気共鳴診断)、超音波などの画像診断が有用である。 口腔癌の進行の特徴はリンパ節転移である。リンパ節転移は口腔癌のいずれにもみられるが、とくに舌癌に高頻度に認められ、通常は顎下(がくか)部を含む頸(けい)部リンパ節に転移することが多い。転移する率は口腔内の腫瘍の肉眼的な大きさよりも浸潤の深さに関連するといわれている。また、肺、肝、骨、脳などの遠隔臓器に転移を生じることもあるが、この場合には、予後は不良である。 [池内 忍] 治療法治療法は、腫瘍の外科的切除、放射線療法、化学療法(抗癌剤による薬剤療法)、免疫療法などがあり、それぞれ単独または併用療法が行われる。その選択は、癌の発生部位、大きさ、病理組織診断、転移の有無などにより決定される。腫瘍が進展しており外科的切除による組織欠損が大きい場合には、大胸筋皮弁や遊離前腕皮弁などの形成外科的手技により舌をはじめとする軟組織の再建がなされる。また、顎(あご)の骨などの欠損は、自家骨移植や人工骨により再建される。一方、1980年代に入り、癌組織に栄養を送りこんでいる動脈に直接抗癌剤を注入し、同時に放射線を照射する超選択的動注併用放射線療法が開発された。この方法により手術を回避できれば、食べる、話すという機能は損なわれずにすみ、口腔癌患者のクオリティ・オブ・ライフquality of life=QOL(生活の質)は維持されるが、現在のところ外科療法を凌駕(りょうが)する成績は示されていない。なお頸部リンパ節転移に対しては、頸部の主要臓器以外のリンパ節、静脈、筋肉、脂肪組織を一塊として切除する頸部廓清(かくせい)術を施行するのが一般的である。 [池内 忍] [参照項目] | | | | |出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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