Platelets are formed elements that break off from the cytoplasm of polymorphonuclear giant cells in the bone marrow and enter the bloodstream. They are anucleate bodies with granules measuring 2-4 micrometers in diameter. They are found in the blood at a concentration of 250,000-350,000 per cubic millimeter, with a half-life of about 7 days. Platelets contain the same actin and myosin as those found in myofibrils (thin fibers that control contraction within muscle fibers), as well as glycogen and ribosomes. One type of granule contains adenosine diphosphate (ADP), adenosine triphosphate (ATP), serotonin, and calcium, while other granules contain blood clotting factors and other proteins. When a blood vessel wall is damaged, platelets adhere to the exposed collagen (hard protein) and release the contents of their granules from the surrounding tubules. At this time, the secreted serotonin constricts the blood vessel at the damaged site. ADP causes other platelets to adhere and promotes the release of their granule contents. Such a collection of platelets is called a white clot because it does not contain red blood cells. A white clot is considered to be an important first step in the process of suppressing bleeding from damaged blood vessels. Platelet production is regulated by a substance present in the bloodstream called thrombopoietin, or thrombopoietin-stimulating factor (TSF), which promotes the formation and maturation of polymorphonuclear giant cells. [Yoshiyuki Honda] [Reference] | |Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
骨髄にある多形核巨大細胞の細胞質からちぎれて生じ、流血中に入った有形成分をいう。径2~4マイクロメートルの顆粒(かりゅう)をもった無核の小体である。血中の濃度は1立方ミリメートル中25万~35万個で、半減期は約7日である。血小板中には、筋原線維(筋線維内で収縮をつかさどる細い線維)の中に含まれているものと同じアクチンやミオシン、さらにグリコーゲン、リボソームが含まれている。その顆粒の一種には、アデノシン二リン酸(ADP)、アデノシン三リン酸(ATP)、セロトニン、カルシウムを含み、他の顆粒中には血液凝固因子その他のタンパク質を含む。 血管壁が損傷されると、血小板は、そこの露出したコラーゲン(硬タンパク質)に粘着し、周辺部の細管から顆粒の内容物を放出する。このとき、分泌されたセロトニンは損傷部位の血管を収縮させる。ADPは他の血小板を粘着させ、その顆粒内容物の放出を促す。このような血小板の集まりは、赤血球が入っていないので白色血栓(白栓)という。白色血栓は、損傷された血管からの出血を抑えるうえで、重要な第一歩の過程とされている。 血小板の生成は、血流中に存在するトロンボポイエチン、または血小板生成促進因子(TSF)とよばれる物質によって調節される。この物質は多形核巨大細胞の生成と成熟を促進する。 [本田良行] [参照項目] | |出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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