Contract - Contract

Japanese: 契状 - けいじょう
Contract - Contract

A document made to promise a future action. It is also called a contract. The Kamakura Shogunate's commentary on legal procedures, "Satamirensho," says, "A contract is a promise." If it says "the contract articles" or "therefore, the contract is as follows," it is considered a contract, but there are various types of contract, such as Sohakujo, which is a contract for the exchange of land, or the determination of the boundary of land, and it is called according to its content.

Broadly speaking, they can be divided into mutual contracts between individuals and contracts made and signed by many people (called rensho or renpan). Of the latter, the ikki keijo is noteworthy. An ikki refers to a large number of people acting in unison toward a common goal, or to such a group, while an ikki keijo takes the form of a kishomon (a pledge document) in which the participants contract to form an ikki and make a vow to the gods and Buddha, and is signed jointly by all participants. In the Middle Ages, people of all classes formed ikki, and a typical example is the ikki keijo of the Matsuura Party, an alliance of small and medium-sized samurai groups distributed in Matsuura County, Hizen Province, during the Nanboku-cho period, which stipulated how the kubo (higher authority) should deal with the peasants under their control. In these documents, the order of signatures is determined by Confucius (鬮) (lottery), but there are also documents in which signatures are made around a circular circumference, known as the umbrella style.

[Hiroko Kuroda]

[Reference] | Petition

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

将来の行為を約束するためにつくられた証文。契約状ともいう。鎌倉幕府の訴訟手続の解説書である『沙汰未練書(さたみれんしょ)』には「契状とは約束状なり」とある。「契約条々」あるいは「仍(よって)契状如件(くだん)」とあれば契状とするが、内容的には種々あり、所領などの交換を契約する相博(そうはく)状もあれば、所領の堺(境)(さかい)の確定もあり、内容に従ったよばれ方もされている。

 大別すると、個人間の相互契約と、多人数のものが契約し、署判するもの(連署(れんしょ)、連判(れんぱん)という)とに分けられる。後者で注目されるのは一揆(いっき)契状である。一揆とは、多数の人々が共通目標に向かって一致団結して行動すること、またその集団をいうが、一揆契状は、一揆を結成することを契約し、神仏に誓約する起請文(きしょうもん)の形をとり、参加者全員が連署したものである。中世ではあらゆる階級が一揆を結成したが、その代表的な事例としてあげられるのは、南北朝時代の肥前国松浦(まつら)郡に分布する中小武士団の連合体である松浦党の一揆契状で、公方(くぼう)(上級権力)と支配下の農民への対応を取り決めたものである。そこでは連署の順序が孔子(鬮)(くじ)によって定められているが、そのほか円形の周囲に署判するいわゆる傘(からかさ)連判形式のものもある。

[黒田弘子]

[参照項目] | 連判状

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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