Organization of African Unity (Afurikatoru Itsukiko)

Japanese: アフリカ統一機構 - あふりかとういつきこう(英語表記)Organization of African Unity
Organization of African Unity (Afurikatoru Itsukiko)

Abbreviation: OAU. A regional organization established on May 25, 1963 at a summit in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, by 31 independent countries, excluding the Republic of South Africa, with the objectives of protecting the independence and sovereignty of African countries and promoting cooperation and solidarity. In July 2002, it was developed and reorganized to become the African Union. The OAU's highest decision-making body is the annual summit, and it has a ministerial council that meets twice a year, a permanent secretariat, a mediation, conciliation and arbitration committee for the peaceful resolution of disputes between member countries, and specialized committees for defense, economy and society, education, science and technology, culture, health and sanitation, etc. In 1978, the civil aviation sector was added to the organization. The OAU Charter, adopted at the time of its formation, reflected the spirit of "Pan-Africanism" and was based on the following principles: (1) sovereign equality, (2) non-interference in internal affairs, (3) respect for territory, (4) peaceful resolution of disputes, (5) prohibition of subversive activities, (6) complete liberation of non-independent territories, and (7) non-alignment.

However, in the early 1960s, the region was polarized between the anti-Western radical countries (Casablanca Group) such as Ghana, which had achieved independence through fighting against their colonial masters, and the pro-Western moderate countries (Monrovia Group), which had been granted independence by their colonial powers. The OAU played a major role in line with "Pan-Africanism" in the Algeria-Morocco conflict in November 1963, the Ethiopia-Somalia-Kenya conflict in 1964, and the Rhodesia problem in 1965. However, the military coups in Congo (later Zaire, now the Democratic Republic of the Congo) and Ghana in late 1965 and early 1966, and the right-wing wave of these countries, combined with the intensification of conflicts among the countries in the region, led to the "Pan-Africanism" spirit becoming a mere formality.

The OAU, which has a policy of non-interference in internal affairs, was unable to effectively deal with the devastating civil wars that broke out in Nigeria, Chad and other countries from the late 1960s onwards. Furthermore, in the late 1970s, socialist governments came to power in the former Portuguese territories of Angola and Ethiopia, adding Cold War conflicts to the traditional causes of conflict, and the OAU's effectiveness was further weakened. In fact, when the Soviet Union and Cuba intervened in the so-called "Horn of Africa" ​​conflict in 1978, OAU countries were divided into three factions: those in favor, those opposed, and those neutral. Furthermore, in August 1982, a summit meeting was called off for the first time in the OAU's history due to conflict between radicals and moderates over the Western Sahara issue, leading to the OAU being harshly criticized as an "un" united African organization. In August 1989, the OAU Special Committee on Southern African Affairs adopted the Harare Declaration, which set out five conditions for the start of dialogue between black groups and the South African government: (1) the release of political prisoners, including black liberation movement leader Nelson Mandela, (2) the legalization of black liberation organizations such as the African National Congress (ANE), and (3) the lifting of the state of emergency. In 1995, the African Nuclear-Weapon-Free Zone Treaty (Pelindaba Treaty) was signed. In 2002, just before its reorganization into the African Union, there were 53 member countries.

[Yoneji Kuroyanagi]

[References] | African Union | Casablanca | Western Sahara issue | Pan-Africanism | Monrovia

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

略称OAU。アフリカ諸国の独立と主権の擁護、協力と連帯の促進などを目的として、1963年5月25日、エチオピアのアディス・アベバでの、南アフリカ共和国を除く全独立国31か国による首脳会議で創設された地域機構。2002年7月発展・改組し、アフリカ連合となった。アフリカ統一機構は年1回の首脳会議を最高決定機関とし、そのもとに年2回の閣僚理事会、常設事務局をもち、加盟諸国間の紛争の平和的解決のための仲介・調停・仲裁委員会、防衛、経済・社会、教育、科学・技術、文化、保健・衛生など各専門委員会があった。また1978年に民間航空分野がこれに加えられた。結成時に採択されたOAU憲章は「汎(はん)アフリカ主義」の精神を反映しつつ、(1)主権平等、(2)内政不干渉、(3)領土の尊重、(4)紛争の平和的解決、(5)破壊活動の禁止、(6)非独立地域の完全解放、(7)非同盟路線、などを骨子としていた。

 しかし、宗主国との闘争によって独立を達成したガーナなど反西欧的急進諸国(カサブランカ・グループ)と、植民地本国から独立を付与された親西欧的穏健諸国(モンロビア・グループ)との分極化という1960年代初頭の地域情勢下にあって、これらの原則はいずれも実現困難な理想であった。OAUは、設立当初の1963年11月のアルジェリア・モロッコ紛争、1964年のエチオピア・ソマリア・ケニア紛争、1965年のローデシア問題などでは「汎アフリカ主義」に沿って主要な機能を果たした。しかし、1965年末~1966年冒頭のコンゴ(のちザイール、現在のコンゴ民主共和国)、ガーナの軍事クーデターと右傾化の波を受け、域内諸国間の対立激化と相まって、「汎アフリカ主義」精神は形骸(けいがい)化が進行するところとなった。

 1960年代後半以後に頻発したナイジェリア、チャドなどでの悲惨な内戦に際しても、内政不干渉を原則とするOAUは有効に対処しえなかった。さらに1970年代後半、旧ポルトガル領アンゴラやエチオピアで社会主義政権が誕生し、従来からの伝統的対立要因に冷戦的対立要因が加味され、OAUの有効性はさらに後退を余儀なくされた。現に1978年のいわゆる「アフリカの角(つの)」紛争へのソ連、キューバの介入に関し、OAU諸国は賛成、反対、中立へと3派に分裂した。さらに1982年8月、西サハラ問題をめぐる急進派と穏健派の対立から、OAUの歴史上初めて首脳会議が流会となり、アフリカ「不」統一機構とさえ酷評される事態を迎えた。1989年8月、OAUの南部アフリカ問題特別委員会は、黒人グループと南アフリカ政府の対話開始の条件として、(1)黒人解放運動指導者ネルソン・マンデラら政治犯の釈放、(2)黒人解放組織「アフリカ民族会議」(ANE)などの合法化、(3)非常事態の解除、など5条件を明示した「ハラレ宣言」を採択した。1995年にはアフリカ非核地帯条約(ペリンダバ条約)を締結した。2002年、アフリカ連合への改組直前の加盟国は53か国であった。

[黒柳米司]

[参照項目] | アフリカ連合 | カサブランカ | 西サハラ問題 | 汎アフリカ主義 | モンロビア

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