Clyde Kluckhohn

Japanese: クラックホーン - くらっくほーん(英語表記)Clyde Kluckhohn
Clyde Kluckhohn

American cultural anthropologist. He conducted long-term research on the Native American Navajo people living in New Mexico. He is said to be the last successor to the American style of "comprehensive anthropology" that began with Franz Boas, and his research fields extend to physical anthropology and archaeology. His greatest achievement was developing the theory of "culture and personality" that was launched in the United States in the 1930s and 1940s. As a professor at the Department of Social Studies at Harvard University, which aimed to promote interdisciplinary cooperation with neighboring fields, he promoted mutual cooperation between cultural anthropology, psychology, and psychiatry. However, he was critical of the schematic interpretations of psychoanalysis at the time, emphasizing the direction of analysis based on concrete data from fieldwork. He focused his analysis on the character formation of various American Indian tribes, including the Navajo, but in his later years he systematically conducted comparative research on values. He also visited Japan several times, making a great impact on Japanese cultural anthropology. Her books, some of which she co-authored, include Navaho Witchcraft (1944), The Navaho (1946), Children of the People: The Navaho individual and His development (1947), and Mirror for Man (1949), among others.

[Takao Sobue November 19, 2018]

"A Mirror for Humankind: An Introduction to Cultural Anthropology" (translated by Akihiro Mitsunobu, 1971, Simul Publishing Co., Ltd.)

[Reference] | Navajo

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

アメリカの文化人類学者。ニュー・メキシコ州に住む先住民ナバホについて長期の研究を行った。ボアズFranz Boasに始まるアメリカ特有の「綜合(そうごう)人類学」の最後の継承者といわれ、その研究領域は自然人類学、考古学にまで及ぶ。最大の功績は1930年~1940年代のアメリカで出発した「文化とパーソナリティー」論を発展させたことで、隣接分野との学際的協力を目標としてハーバード大学に開設された社会関係学部の教授として、文化人類学と心理学、精神医学との相互協力を推進した。ただし当時の精神分析学の図式的解釈に対しては批判的で、フィールドワークの具体的資料に基づく分析の方向を強調し、ナバホをはじめ、アメリカ・インディアン諸部族の性格形成を中心に分析を進めたが、晩年には価値観の比較研究を組織的に行った。なお数回来日し、日本の文化人類学に与えた刺激は大きい。著書として共著も含め『ナバホのウィッチクラフト』Navaho Witchcraft(1944)、『ナバホ』The Navaho(1946)、『ナバホの子どもたち』Children of the People:The Navaho individual and His development(1947)、『人間のための鏡』Mirror for Man(1949)その他がある。

[祖父江孝男 2018年11月19日]

『光延明洋訳『人間のための鏡――文化人類学入門』(1971・サイマル出版会)』

[参照項目] | ナバホ

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