This refers to a period when tools made of metal were still in use, but stone tools were still used. At the end of the 19th century, European archaeologists used the term eneolithic (Latin aeneus, meaning copper or bronze, and Greek neo-lithos, meaning the Copper-Neolithic Age) to describe this period, but scholars who disagreed, saying that it was a compound word of Greek and Latin, proposed the term chalcolithic (Greek chalkos, meaning copper or bronze, and Greek lithos, meaning stone), meaning the Copper-Stone Age. However, in surrounding areas, copper or bronze was not used as a material for practical tools after stone, but rather iron was used immediately. For example, in the Yayoi period in Japan, iron was used exclusively for practical tools, while copper and bronze were used for symbolic tools, treasures, ornaments (including mirrors), and other valuables. There were also copper arrowheads, but their use was limited because the raw materials were limited in quantity. According to the Three Periods Method, the Yayoi period corresponds to the early Iron Age, and stone tools were widely used. Hamada Kosaku, who was well aware of this fact, translated the words eneolithic and chalcolithic as "the period when metal and stone were used together." Hamada's translation was extremely appropriate as far as this terminology is concerned. Scholars who accept the existence of transitional periods between eras and rely on the three-period system affirm the existence of the Chalcolithic Period. However, there are many scholars who do not accept such a transitional period and consider it to be the end of the Neolithic Period or the beginning of the Copper Age (the beginning of the Iron Age in Japan). In either case, both the affirmative and negative theories are extensions of the three-period system. In the academic world, accepting a term simply because it is convenient is criticized as being expedient. In that sense, the concept of the "Chalcolithic Period" should be severely criticized for the sake of future historiography. [Fumiei Tsunoda] "Introduction to Archaeology by Fumiei Kakuta (First edition, 1954, Revised edition, 1972, Yamakawa Publishing)" ▽ "G. Daniel A Short History of Archaeology (1981, London)" ▽ "World Archaeological Series, Volume 12, Europe and Africa I" (1961, Heibonsha) Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
利器の材料に金属が用いられてはいても、石製の利器がまだ併用されている時代をいう。ヨーロッパの考古学者は19世紀の末に、こうした時代を表す語としてeneolithic(ラテン語の銅・青銅aeneus+ギリシア語の新石器neo-lithos)――つまり銅・新石器時代――の語を用いたが、それはギリシア語とラテン語の合成語であると反対した学者たちは、chalcolithic(ギリシア語の銅・青銅chalkos+ギリシア語の石lithos)――つまり銅・石器時代――の語を提唱した。しかし周辺諸地域では実用の利器の材料として石の次に銅ないし青銅が用いられず、ただちに鉄が使われる場合がみられる。日本の弥生(やよい)時代に例をとると、実用の利器にはもっぱら鉄が使用され、銅・青銅は象徴的な器具、宝器、装身具(鏡を含めた)などの財に用いられた。銅鏃(どうぞく)などもあるが、原料が量的に限られていたため、その使用も限られていた。三時代法のたてまえからすれば弥生時代は初期の鉄器時代に該当しており、石製の利器も広く行われていた。この事実を知悉(ちしつ)していた浜田耕作は、eneolithic, chalcolithicの語を「金石併用時代」と意訳した。浜田の意訳は、この術語に関する限り、きわめて適切であった。 時代と時代との間に過渡期が存することを認める学者で、かつ三時代法に依拠する人は、金石併用時代の存在を肯定している。しかし、このような過渡的な時代を認めず、それを新石器時代末期または銅器時代初期(日本の場合には鉄器時代初期)とみなす学者も多い。いずれの場合でも、肯定論、否定論とも、三時代法の延長線上にたっている。学問の世界では、ある用語をそれが便利だからといって認めることは便宜主義に流れるものとして批判される。その意味では、この「金石併用時代」といった概念は、明日の歴史学のためにも厳しく批判さるべき存在といえよう。 [角田文衛] 『角田文衞著『古代学序説』(初版・1954/増訂版・1972・山川出版社)』▽『G. DanielA Short History of Archaeology (1981, London)』▽『『世界考古学大系第12巻 ヨーロッパ・アフリカI』(1961・平凡社)』 出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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