There is no strict definition, but it generally refers to radio waves emitted from our entire galaxy. This is mainly synchrotron radiation, which is generated when high-speed electrons wrap around the magnetic field that exists in the galaxy. There is no consensus on the origin of the magnetic field, although a dynamo mechanism caused by the rotation of the galaxy is thought to be the cause. High-speed electrons are thought to be generated when they are accelerated during the explosion of a supernova or when plasma clouds (ionized gas clouds found in supernova remnants) collide with each other. Galactic radio waves were discovered by chance in 1931 by electrical engineer Jansky of Bell Laboratories in the United States. This was the first observation of radio waves coming from the center of the galaxy in the history of radio astronomy. The unit of radio wave strength is named Jansky (1 Jy = 10 -26 watts, unit hertz, unit square meter) after the discoverer, and it has become one of the basic units of astronomy. Radio wave strength is strong along the galactic plane and is also strong toward the center of the galaxy. The strength depends on the wavelength, and the shorter the wavelength, the weaker it is. Synchrotron radiation is linearly polarized in accordance with the direction of the magnetic field, and by observing linear polarization, the structure of the magnetic field can be elucidated. Furthermore, the strength distribution can be used to learn about the remnants of individual supernovae and the shape of spiral arms. Other radio waves from the Milky Way Galaxy include those emitted by regions of ionized hydrogen and by various molecules in molecular clouds (gas clouds in interstellar space that contain a variety of molecules such as carbon monoxide, ammonia, and water). [Masaru Inoue] "Space Radio Astronomy" by Akabane Kenji, Kaifu Nobuo, and Tahara Hiroto (1988, Kyoritsu Shuppan) " ▽ "Galaxy and the Universe as Seen through Radio Waves" by Sobue Yoshiaki (1988, Kyoritsu Shuppan)" ▽ "The Science of the Galaxy" by Oobi Nobuya (1989, NHK Publishing)" ▽ "From Stars to Galaxies: Herschel's Garden" by Heinz R. Pagel, translated by Kuroboshi Eiichi (1993, Chijin Shokan)" ▽ "The Universe of Radio Waves" by Maeda Koichiro (2002, Corona Publishing) [References] | | | | | | | | | | |Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
とくに厳密な定義があるわけではないが、一般的には、われわれの銀河系全体から出ている電波のことをいう。これは主としてシンクロトロン放射であり、銀河系内に存在する磁場に、高速の電子が巻き付くように運動する際に発生するものである。磁場の起源については、銀河回転によるダイナモ機構などが考えられているが、定説はない。高速の電子は超新星の爆発時や、プラズマ雲(超新星残骸(ざんがい)などにある電離したガス雲)どうしの衝突時に加速されて発生すると考えられている。 銀河電波は、アメリカのベル研究所の電気技師ジャンスキーにより、まったく偶然に1931年に発見された。これは銀河系の中心方向から到来する電波で、電波天文学史上、最初の観測であった。発見者にちなみ、電波の強度の単位をジャンスキー(1Jy=10-26ワット・単位ヘルツ・単位平方メートル)とよぶことになり、天文学の基本的な単位の一つになっている。電波強度は銀河面に沿って強く分布し、また銀河系中心方向で強くなる。強度は波長に依存し、波長が短くなるほど弱くなる。シンクロトロン放射は、磁場の方向に対応して直線偏波しており、直線偏波を観測することにより、逆に磁場の構造が解明できる。さらに強度分布などから、個々の超新星の残骸や、渦状腕(スパイラルアーム)の形状などを知ることができる。 銀河系からの電波は、このほか、電離水素領域からのものや、分子雲(星間空間にある、一酸化炭素、アンモニア、水などいろいろな分子が集まっているガス雲)から種々の分子が出すものがある。 [井上 允] 『赤羽賢司・海部宣男・田原博人著『宇宙電波天文学』(1988・共立出版)』▽『祖父江義明著『電波でみる銀河と宇宙』(1988・共立出版)』▽『小尾信彌著『銀河の科学』(1989・日本放送出版協会)』▽『ハインツ・R・パージェル著、黒星瑩一訳『星から銀河へ――ハーシェルの庭』(1993・地人書館)』▽『前田耕一郎著『電波の宇宙』(2002・コロナ社)』 [参照項目] | | | | | | | | | | |出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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