Attlee, Clement Richard

Japanese: アトリー（英語表記）Attlee， Clement Richard

Born: January 3, 1883, London
[Died] October 8, 1967, London. British politician. Graduated from Oxford University. Opened a law practice in 1905. Influenced by S. Webb and his wife, he joined the Independent Labour Party in 1907. From 1913 to 1923, he was a lecturer at the London School of Economics while engaged in socialist activities. During World War I, he served in the Gallipoli Campaign and was wounded. In 1922, he was elected to the House of Commons, and held a seat every year until 1955. From 1922 to 1924, he was secretary to Labour leader R. MacDonald, and in 1924, he was Under-Secretary of War in the first Labour cabinet formed by MacDonald with the support of the Liberal Party, and from 1930 to 1931, he was Prime Minister for the Duchy of Lancaster, and in 1931, he was Post Minister, but lost the general election that same year. From 1935 to 1955, he was Labour Party leader. During World War II, he served in the War Cabinet, and was Lord Keeper of the Great Seal from 1940 to 1942, Minister for the Dominions from 1942 to 1943, and Cardinal from 1943 to 1945. He also served as Deputy Prime Minister from 1942 onwards. During this time, he attended the San Francisco Conference and the Potsdam Conference. After World War II, in the general election of 1945, he defeated the Conservative Party led by W. Churchill and won a landslide victory, and in July of the same year, he took office as Prime Minister with a Labour Party cabinet alone. The Attlee Cabinet advocated gradual socialism in ideology, and in terms of actual policy, it promoted the nationalization of important industries, as exemplified by the nationalization of the Bank of England, and made great efforts to establish a social security system that covered the so-called "cradle to grave". In terms of foreign policy, he worked on the reorganization of the British Commonwealth after the war, including recognizing the independence of India and Pakistan. However, the postwar economic recovery was extremely difficult, and in the 1950 general election he narrowly won, and once again formed the Attlee Cabinet. However, he was unable to reconcile the contradictions between rearmament and social policy, and faced conflict between the left and right factions within the party over rearmament plans. In the following general election in 1951 he was narrowly defeated by the Conservative Party, and was forced into opposition. He became Earl in 1955. His main work is "The Labour Party in Perspective" (1949).

Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia About Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia Information

Japanese:

[生]1883.1.3. ロンドン
[没]1967.10.8. ロンドン
イギリスの政治家。オックスフォード大学卒業。 1905年弁護士を開業。 S.ウェッブ夫妻の影響を受け，07年独立労働党に入党。 13～23年ロンドン・スクール・オブ・エコノミクスの講師をつとめながら，社会主義活動を行なった。第1次世界大戦ではガリポリ作戦に従軍して負傷。 22年下院議員に当選，以後 55年まで連続して議席を確保。 22～24年 R.マクドナルド労働党党首の秘書，24年マクドナルドが自由党の支持を得て組織した最初の労働党内閣で陸軍次官，30～31年ランカスター公領相，31年郵政相となったが同年の総選挙で敗退。 35～55年労働党党首。第2次世界大戦中，戦時内閣に入閣し，40～42年国璽尚書 (こくじしょうしょ) ，42～43年自治領相，43～45年枢機相を歴任，また 42年以降は副首相の地位をも占めた。この間，サンフランシスコ会議，ポツダム会議に出席。第2次世界大戦後 45年の総選挙には，W.チャーチルの率いる保守党と戦って圧勝し，同年7月，労働党の単独内閣の首相として政権を担当。アトリー内閣は，イデオロギー的には漸進的社会主義を標榜し，現実政策の面では，イングランド銀行国有化に代表されるような重要産業の国有化政策の推進とともに，いわゆる「揺り籠から墓場まで」の社会保障制度の確立に多大の努力を払った。対外政策の面では，インド，パキスタンの分離独立を認めるなど，戦後のイギリス連邦の再編を手がけた。しかし，戦後経済の復興は困難をきわめ，50年の総選挙では辛勝，再度アトリー内閣を組織したが，再軍備と社会政策の矛盾を調整できず，再軍備計画をめぐる党内左右両派の対立に出会い，翌 51年の総選挙では僅少差で保守党に敗れ，野に下った。 55年伯爵。主著"The Labour Party in Perspective" (1949) 。

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