Public office - Lottery

Japanese: 公事屋 - くじや

… Public duties as taxes were originally imposed on individuals, such as guard duties, labor duties, and duties for retainers, and the individuals who were imposed performed them according to their abilities (such as ability). However, as the economic burden of public duties became more important, the ability to bear them was evaluated based on the amount of land (fields) and households (lay households), and public duties were imposed based on the number of fields and lay households. Fields and lay households that paid for public duties were specifically called "Koji-den," "Koji-hata," "Koji-ya," etc. In this way, various public duties came to be imposed on fields and lay households in manors, territories, and provincial government territories, and collectively they were called "miscellaneous public duties" or "manzo-kuji." …

From [Farmers]

…Semi-subordinate peasants are called various names in different regions, such as nago, hikan, kehou, inkyo, and kadoya, but these are peasants who have not yet achieved independence and are in the process of becoming independent. These peasants were enslaved to the upper class of village farmers (early hon-hyakusho) called oyakata, oya, kujiya, and yakuya, and were under the control and protection of their masters in all aspects of production and life. They were given small plots of farmland by their masters, and with their masters' permission, they collected fertilizer from the harvesting field and cultivated the allocated land with their own small farm tools (hoes and sickles), thereby covering their own reproduction and providing a certain number of days of corvée labor to the masters' agricultural management. …

From the Mansion

…In the early modern period, the house registered in the land survey book was not only the basis for the tax (rent of product) but also the standard for the imposition of the labor service (rent of labor). The peasants who contracted the house were called officials, officials, officials, officials, officials, etc. and were considered to be the burden of the labor service, while the weaker farmers contracted only rice fields and did not register the house and avoided the burden of the labor service. Many of the houses registered in the land survey book had a main house, a hut, a gatehouse, a retirement home, etc. inside the enclosure of the house, and the weaker farmers (small farmers in the process of becoming independent) who were under the protection and control of the lord lived in the hut, gatehouse, and retirement home, while the lord lived in the main house. …

*Some of the terminology explanations that refer to "Kojiya" are listed below.

Source | Heibonsha World Encyclopedia 2nd Edition | Information

Japanese:

…　課役としての公事は，警固役，人夫役，御家人役のように，もともとは人を対象に課され，課された人はその能力(器量といった)に応じて務めた。しかし公事の経済的負担の側面の比重が高まると，負担能力は土地(田畠)や家(在家)の数量で評価され，公事は田畠･在家数に基づいて課され，公事を負担する田畠･在家はとくに公事田，公事畠，公事屋等と呼ばれた。こうしてさまざまな公事が荘園，所領や国衙領の田畠･在家に課されるようになり，それらはあわせて〈雑公事〉とか〈万雑公事（まんぞうくじ）〉とかいわれた。…

【百姓】より

…半隷属的小農は名子，被官，家抱（けほう），隠居，門屋（かどや）など各地でさまざまの呼び方をされているが，これらはいまだ自立を達成しえない自立過程にある小農の姿である。これらの小農は親方，御家，公事屋，役家などと呼ばれる村落上層農民(初期本百姓)に隷属し，生産･生活の全般にわたって主家の支配と庇護を受けていた。彼らは主家から零細耕地を分与され，主家の許しを受けて刈敷場（かりしきば）から肥料を採取し，自分持ちの小農具(鍬（くわ），鎌（かま）)で分与地を耕作し，そこで自己の再生産をまかない，一定日数の賦役労働を主家の農業経営に提供した。…

【屋敷】より

…近世初期においては，検地帳に登録された屋敷は年貢(生産物地代)を賦課されるだけでなく，夫役（ぶやく）(労働地代)の賦課基準でもあった。屋敷を名請けした百姓が役人，役家，役儀之家，公事屋（くじや）などと呼ばれて夫役負担者とされ，弱小農民は田畠だけを名請けして屋敷の登録をうけず，夫役の負担をまぬがれていた。　検地帳に登録された屋敷は，その多くが屋敷囲いの内部に母屋（おもや）とともに小屋，門屋（かどや），隠居屋などを備え，小屋，門屋，隠居屋には主家の庇護･支配を受ける弱小農民(自立過程の小農)が起居し，母屋には主家が住いした。…

※「公事屋」について言及している用語解説の一部を掲載しています。

出典｜株式会社平凡社世界大百科事典第２版について | 情報

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