It refers to long threads spun from cocoons without being processed by scouring or twisting. Sometimes raw silk includes dupion silk spun from cocoons produced by two or more silkworms, or silk that has been scouring. This raw silk can be divided into domesticated silk, obtained from silkworms raised indoors, and wild silk, obtained from silkworms such as Sakusan, Tensan, and Eri-san, but domesticated silk is generally used. Silkworms are the larvae of the Bombycidae family of the Lepidoptera order, and grow by feeding on mulberry leaves and repeatedly undergoing metamorphosis from egg, larva, pupa, and adult. As larvae, they undergo four hibernations (molting) before spinning cocoons and becoming pupas, at which point the pupa is killed by applying heat. The process of turning cocoons into raw silk is called silk reeling, and the process consists of drying the cocoons (drying the cocoons to kill the pupae inside so they can be preserved for a long time), boiling the cocoons (boiling the cocoons so that the silk threads can be easily unraveled), and reeling (pulling several cocoon threads together to make thread). After removing defective cocoons, the cocoons are boiled in hot water to make them easier to pull, and the number of cocoons is determined according to the thickness of the thread required for the intended purpose, and the ends are gathered together to make a single raw silk. This is wound onto a reeling frame, then wound again onto a large frame to make a skein and binding. This method of packaging has been standardized as exports of raw silk have increased, but in the raw silk market, skeins of about 70 grams each are twisted, 30 skeins are bundled together and packaged in paper, and then about 18 bundles are packed into a bale (10 kan = 37.5 kg) for the mainland and wrapped in straw. For export, about 29 bundles are packaged into a bale (16 kan = 60 kg) and packaged in Western style. This was the standard packaging method, but with domestic production declining and reliance on imported raw silk, it is now considered a thing of the past. At first, silk was reeled by hand, by boiling the cocoons in a pot and winding them onto a frame, but in the late Edo period, a reeling machine that used gears for winding appeared, and in the early Meiji period, silk-reeling machines were imported from Italy and France, the government-run Tomioka Silk Mill was established, and production shifted from a cottage industry to factory production. Today, efficient multi-row reeling machines are commonly used, and automatic reeling machines are also used in some places to ensure uniform thread quality. After the Meiji era, raw silk production in Japan was actively developed as a local industry from the Tohoku region to the Chubu region as an export industry under the policy of encouraging industry and commerce, but the domestic silk-reeling industry was affected by price fluctuations in foreign raw silk markets. Therefore, the industry tried to reduce production costs and maintain raw silk prices by promoting management rationalization, such as stabilizing the purchase price of cocoons, streamlining the silk-reeling process, securing silk-reeling workers, and setting wages by grade, in order to compete with foreign raw silk. As a result, before the Second World War, Japan boasted the world's largest raw silk production, but this was mainly exported to the United States and processed into women's socks. When the fibers are oxidized in the air, the surface of the fibers becomes covered with a gelatin (sericin), making them dull and rough. Therefore, when they are refined with soapy water or the like to remove this, the fibroin remains, creating the unique luster and flexibility of silk, and so they are used exclusively as degummed thread. Raw silk consists of a protein called fibroin, which forms two fibers, and a protein called sericin, which contains fibroin as a gel. The ratio of fibroin and sericin to the total raw silk is 70-80% for the former and 20-30% for the latter, with the remaining parts containing small amounts of fat, inorganic matter, and pigments. The sericin is removed by treating the raw silk with alkali, leaving two degummed silk strands; this process is called refining raw silk, or simply "degumming." The fineness of the cocoon thread is 2-4 denier, and the length of the silk spun from one cocoon is a continuous fiber that can be as short as 600-800 meters and as long as 1200-1500 meters. It takes considerable skill to combine many cocoons and reel raw silk of a specified fineness. Raw silk is often 14, 21, or 28 denier in fineness, but various thicknesses can be produced according to demand. Raw silk is subject to weight and quality inspections before it can be traded. Quality inspections are carried out on the unevenness of yarn stripes, uneven fineness, strength and elongation, state of incorporation, naked eye gloss, texture, and color. Raw silk has a tensile strength of approximately 3-4 grams per denier, an elongation of around 20%, a Young's modulus of 800-1200 kilograms per square millimeter, a specific gravity of 1.35, and an official moisture regain of 11%. It is noted for its excellent elasticity, high heat resistance, and the slowest burning speed after the ignition point of any fiber, but its disadvantages are that it is expensive and vulnerable to ultraviolet rays. On the other hand, its properties do not change much when placed in water or at low temperatures, so it has a wide range of uses. Naturally, it is most often used as the raw thread for silk fabrics, but it is also used for knitting silk socks and other fabrics, braiding silk cords such as kumihimo, and strings for koto and shamisen. [Kadoyama Yukihiro] [Reference] | | | |©Shogakukan "> Raw silk manufacturing process The silk-reeling mill at the time of its opening. The factory, measuring 140m in length and 12m in width, was the largest in the world. At first, it was difficult to secure female silk-reeling workers, but the recruitment area was expanded nationwide, and several hundred female workers were recruited from three prefectures and 37 prefectures. The female workers later spread the techniques they had learned to other areas. Painting by Utagawa Kuniteru (II), triptych, owned by the National Diet Library . "Map of Tomioka Silk Mill in Joshu" Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
繭(まゆ)から繰糸したままの長い糸で、精練処理や撚合(ねんごう)などの加工をしていないものをいう。ときには2匹以上のカイコがつくった繭から繰糸した玉糸や、精練を施したものを生糸に含めることがある。この生糸は、屋内で飼育されるカイコからとれる家蚕(かさん)糸と、サクサン・天蚕・エリサンなどからとれる野蚕(やさん)糸に分けられるが、一般には家蚕糸が使われる。カイコは、鱗翅(りんし)目カイコガ科カイコガの幼虫で、桑の葉を食べて、卵・幼虫・蛹(さなぎ)・成虫の変態を繰り返し成長する。幼虫の間、4回の休眠(脱皮)を経て、繭をつくり蛹になるが、ここで熱気を当てて、蛹を殺す。 繭から生糸にする作業を製糸とよび、その工程は、乾繭(かんけん)(繭を長期にわたって保存するため、乾燥して繭中の蛹を殺す)、煮繭(繭から繭糸がよく解けるように繭を煮る)、繰糸(繭糸を数本引きそろえて糸にする)からなり、不良繭を除去後、繭糸を引きやすくするため熱湯中で煮繭し、目的に応じた糸の太さに従って繭の個数を決め、糸口を集めて1本の生糸にする。これを繰枠に巻き取ったのち、大枠に巻き返して綛(かせ)に仕上げ束装(そくそう)する。 この束装は、輸出生糸の増加とともに統一されてきたが、生糸市場においては、1綛約70グラムの綛を捻造(ひねりづくり)にし、30綛を1括(くく)りとして紙装したのち、内地向けには、約18括を1梱(こり)(10貫=37.5キログラム)として莚(むしろ)包みにする。輸出向けには、約29括を1俵(16貫=60キログラム)に洋装する。これが標準の梱包(こんぽう)方法であったが、現在では国内生産が減少して、輸入生糸に依存しているために、過去のものを示した。 製糸は、初め釜(かま)などで繭を煮ながら枠に巻き取る手挽(てび)き法によったが、巻き取りに歯車などを使った座繰(ざぐり)機が江戸後期に現れ、明治初期にはイタリア・フランスから製糸機械が輸入され、官立富岡製糸場が設置されて、生産は家内工業から工場生産へ移っていった。現在では、能率的な多条繰糸機が一般的に用いられ、また糸質の均一化を図るため、自動繰糸機も一部で使われている。 わが国における明治以後の生糸生産は、殖産興業政策による輸出産業として、東北地方から中部地方にかけて、盛んに地場産業として育成されたが、外国の生糸市場における価格の変動に、国内の製糸産業は影響を受けた。そのため購入繭価格の安定化、製糸工程の合理化、製糸労働者の確保、等級別賃金の設定などの経営合理化を進めることにより、生産原価の低廉化と生糸価格の維持を図り、外国生糸に対抗することにした。そのため第二次世界大戦前には、生糸生産高は世界一を誇ることになるが、これらは主としてアメリカに輸出され、婦人用靴下に加工された。 繰糸したままの繊維は、空気中で酸化されると表面が膠質(こうしつ)(セリシン)に包まれるため、光沢がなく、粗硬である。そのため、せっけん液などで精練し、これを除去すると、フィブロインが残り、絹独特の光沢と柔軟さが生まれるので、練糸(ねりいと)としてもっぱら使用される。 生糸は、2本の繊維を構成するフィブロインと称するタンパク質と、膠質としてフィブロインを含むセリシンというタンパク質とからなる。フィブロイン、セリシンの生糸全体に対する比は、前者70~80%、後者20~30%で、そのほか、わずかに脂肪質、無機質、色素を含んでいる。アルカリで処理するとセリシンは除かれ、2本の練絹(ねりぎぬ)となるが、この工程を生糸の精練、あるいは単に「練り」とよんでいる。繭糸の繊度は、2~4デニールで、1個の繭から製糸される長さは、短いもので600~800メートル、長いのは1200~1500メートルの連続繊維である。多数の繭を組み合わせ、繊度がそろった所定繊度の生糸を繰糸するのは、かなりの熟練を要する。生糸の繊度は、14、21、28デニールのものが多いが、要求に応じて、各種の太さのものがつくられる。 生糸の取引には、正量検査、品位検査を受ける。品位検査は、糸条斑(むら)、繊度斑、強伸度、抱合状態、肉眼光沢、手ざわり、色相などについて行う。生糸の抗張力は1デニール当りだいたい3~4グラム、伸びは20%前後、ヤング率毎平方ミリメートル当り800~1200キログラム、比重1.35、公定水分率は11%。弾性に優れ、耐熱性が大きく、発火点以後の燃焼速度はいろいろな繊維のなかでとくに小さいことが注目されるが、高価で、紫外線に弱いのが欠点である。その反面、水中に置いたとき、低温時でも性質があまり変わらないので、用途は広い。 絹織物の原糸として使用するのがもっとも多いのは当然であるが、そのほかに絹靴下などの編物や、組紐(くみひも)などの組物、琴糸や三味線糸などにも使われている。 [角山幸洋] [参照項目] | | | |©Shogakukan"> 生糸の製造工程 開業当時の糸繰り場のようす。長さ約140m、幅約12mの工場は、世界最大規模を 誇っていた。当初、女子製糸労働者の確保に苦慮したが、募集範囲を全国に広げ、3府37県から数百人の女子工員を集めた。女子工員たちは、のちに伝習した技術を各地に広めた。歌川国輝(2世)画 三枚続国立国会図書館所蔵"> 『上州富岡製糸場之図』 出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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