Kannon Bodhisattva - Kanzeonbosatsu

Japanese: 観世音菩薩 - かんぜおんぼさつ
Kannon Bodhisattva - Kanzeonbosatsu

A representative bodhisattva of Mahayana Buddhism, he personifies the Buddhist spirit of compassion, namely friendship for fellow beings and sympathy for those in distress. He is also abbreviated as Kannon. In Sanskrit, he is called Avalokitasvara, a compound word of avalokita (view) and svara (sound). This word means one who sees the sounds of people in distress. He is also called Kanjizai Bodhisattva, which is a compound word of the Sanskrit avalokiteshvara, that is, avalokita (view) and īśvara (free), meaning one who is free to see the suffering of all living beings. In the old Chinese translation, the name Kannon or Kanzeon is used, but in the Chinese translation by Xuanzang in the 7th century, it is called Kanjizai. In esoteric Buddhism, the name Kanjizai is often used. He is also known by other names such as Kuse Bodhisattva, Semu Bodhisattva, Pota Daishi, and Nankai Daishi.

[Mibudai Shun]

origin

The origin of the Kannon faith was cultivated in the flow of Bodhisattva thought in Mahayana Buddhism, and it was established in India as early as Maitreya Bodhisattva. However, on the other hand, there are also theories that the origin of the Kannon faith is outside Buddhism, such as the theory that the Iranian idea of ​​light spread to India, or the theory that it is closely related to the legends of the Indian god Shiva or Vishnu. Such ideas show that the belief in Kannon has been influenced by the forms of belief in other religions. The chapter "Fumonbon" of the Lotus Sutra (Myoho Rengekyo) mainly teaches about Kannon Bodhisattva. In other words, it teaches that if you chant the name of Kannon with all your heart, Kannon will immediately appear in various forms in response to the voice to save sentient beings from the seven disasters (fire disaster, water disaster, disaster from rakshas, ​​disaster from swords and sticks, disaster from evil spirits, disaster from shackles and chains, and disaster from enemies). The thirty-three bodies described there later became the basis for the belief in the "Thirty-three Kannon" or the "Thirty-three Temples." The Lotus Sutra was translated by Kumarajiva in 406, but prior to that Jikuhogo translated the True Lotus Sutra in 268. Furthermore, Janakuta translated the Additional Lotus Sutra in 601. The 25th chapter of the Lotus Sutra translated by Kumarajiva, "The Universal Gate Chapter of the Bodhisattva Avalokitesvara," originally did not have a verse section, but one was added from the Additional Lotus Sutra. In Indian Buddhism, the Sutra of Immeasurable Life, which is thought to have been created slightly later than the Lotus Sutra, features two bodhisattvas, Kannon and Seishi, as attendants of Amitabha Tathagata. This is because Kannon's compassion and ability to save living beings in this world are considered to be excellent, making him the ideal bodhisattva to replace Amitabha Tathagata, who would lead people to faith in the hope of the afterlife.

[Mibudai Shun]

Changes in the Kannon statue

There are various kinds of Kannon statues depending on their transformations, but later, in addition to Shokannon, the belief in the Six Kannon statues, which added the Eleven-Headed Kannon, Nyoirin Kannon, Batou Kannon, Juntei Kannon, and Senju Kannon, and the belief in the Seven Kannon statues, which added the Acalanatha Kannon, a superhuman transformation statue with many arms, was born. The transformations of these Kannon statues were influenced by Hinduism, with the Eleven-Headed Kannon being a multi-faceted transformation statue and the Acalanatha Kannon being a multi-armed transformation statue. Furthermore, the expectation of salvation with immense divine power led to the creation of the Senju Kannon, and faith in the statues caused changes in their creation. In addition, in legends, the belief was born that Kannon's residence is Mount Potalaka in India. In India, Potalaka is identified as Cape Comorin in South India, while in China it is Mount Putuo in the Zhoushan Islands of Zhejiang Province, and in Japan it is Mount Nachi in Kumano, Kishu (Wakayama Prefecture). In essence, the idea that Mount Potalaka is the sacred site of Kannon changed. In Tibet, Potalaka is said to be the residence of the Dalai Lama in Lhasa, and the Dalai Lama is believed to be an incarnation of Kannon and is called Chang-re-shik (Tibetan for "Kannon"). The place name Nikko in Japan is a phonetic reading of Futara, a corrupted version of Potalaka, with a more pleasing character added.

In this way, the belief in Kannon spread from India to Central Asia, and then to China, Tibet, the Korean Peninsula, and Japan, as is known from the travelogues of Faxian and Xuanzang. In China, from the 6th to the 9th centuries, a succession of Kannon-related scriptures were translated, and various forms of Kannon belief became popular.

In Japan, there is faith in esoteric Kannon statues such as the Thousand-Armed Kannon of Kanzeon-ji Temple in Tsukushi (Fukuoka Prefecture) by Genbo, who became the spiritual pillar of the Ritsuryo state, the Eleven-Headed Kannon of Nigatsudo Hall of Todai-ji Temple by Jicchu, and the Nyoirin Kannon of Yakushi-ji Temple in Shimotsuke (Tochigi Prefecture) by Dokyo. The Shoso-in documents contain copies of the Kannon Sutra and Dharani, as well as records of the construction of Kannon statues from ancient records, but the representative Kannon statues from ancient times that remain are the Baekje Kannon statue at Horyuji Temple and the standing Kannon Bodhisattva statue with the year of Xinhai (651) inscription among the 48 Buddha statues. The faith in Kannon in this era was carried out in the form of national acceptance, in the hope of worldly benefits such as the pacification of natural disasters, epidemics, and wars. Later, around the 10th century, Kannon worship shifted to a personal faith in hopes of relieving suffering and granting happiness. There was a demand for sacred Kannon sites with many miraculous powers, and the construction of temples with Kannon as their principal deity became popular, with Hasedera, Ishiyama-dera, Kiyomizu-dera, and Kokawa-dera becoming famous. Furthermore, worship of the Thirty-three sacred sites of the Western Provinces, which adds up to the number of Kannon bodies, gradually took root. In the early modern period, pilgrimages to local temples such as the Thirty-three Bando and Thirty-three Chichibu became popular, while Kannon worship also permeated rituals and narrative literature.

[Mibudai Shun]

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

大乗仏教の代表的な菩薩で、仏教の慈悲の精神、すなわち仲間に対する友情と悩める者に対する同情とを人格化したものである。観音(かんのん)とも略称される。サンスクリット語では、アバロキタavalokita(観)とスバラsvara(音)の合成語、アバロキタスバラという。この語は、悩める世間の人々の音声を観ずるものという意味である。また観自在(かんじざい)菩薩ともいわれるが、それはサンスクリット語のアバローキテーシュバラavalokitêśvara、すなわちアバロキタ(観)とイーシュバラīśvara(自在)との合成語で、衆生(しゅじょう)の苦悩を観ずること自在なるものという意味である。中国における旧訳(くやく)では観音、観世音の名称が用いられるが、7世紀の玄奘(げんじょう)の漢訳では観自在の名称である。また密教では多くの場合に観自在の名称が用いられることが多い。さらに救世(くせ)菩薩、施無畏(せむい)菩薩、補陀大士(ふだたいし)、南海(なんかい)大士などの異名もある。

[壬生台舜]

起源

観音信仰の起源は大乗仏教の菩薩思想の流れのなかに培養されたもので、弥勒(みろく)菩薩と同じくらい早い時期にインドで成立した。しかし他方では、イランの光明(こうみょう)思想がインドに展開したという説や、インドのシバ神あるいはビシュヌ神の説話と深い関係があるという説など、仏教以外に観音信仰の起源を求める考え方もある。このような考えは観音信仰に他の宗教の信仰形態が影響していることを示す。『妙法蓮華経(みょうほうれんげきょう)』の一章「普門品(ふもんぼん)」には観世音菩薩が中心に説かれている。すなわち、一心に観音の名を称えれば、即時にその音声に応じて、衆生の七難(火難、水難、羅刹(らせつ)難、刀杖(とうじょう)難、悪鬼難、杻械枷鎖(ちゅうかいかさ)難、怨賊(おんぞく)難)を救うために、種々の姿を現すと説く。そこに説く三十三身は、のちに「三十三観音」あるいは「三十三所札所」信仰の基礎となった。『妙法蓮華経』は鳩摩羅什(くまらじゅう)が406年に訳出したが、それ以前に竺法護(じくほうご)が268年に『正法華経(しょうほけきょう)』を訳出した。さらに601年に闍那崛多(じゃなくった)が『添品(てんぽん)法華経』を訳出した。現存の鳩摩羅什訳『妙法蓮華経』第25の「観世音菩薩普門品」は本来、偈頌(げじゅ)の部分がなかったが、『添品法華経』から付加したものである。インド仏教において『法華経』よりやや遅い成立と考えられる『無量寿経(むりょうじゅきょう)』には、阿弥陀如来(あみだにょらい)の脇侍(きょうじ)として観音と勢至(せいし)の2菩薩が取り上げられている。これは、観音の慈悲と現世の衆生救済能力が優れているという考えから、来世を願う信仰に導く阿弥陀如来にとってそのかわりとなりうる補処(ふしょ)の菩薩として最適であるとされるからである。

[壬生台舜]

観音像の変化

観音像はその変化(へんげ)相により種々あるが、のちに聖観音(しょうかんのん)のほかに、十一面観音、如意輪(にょいりん)観音、馬頭(ばとう)観音、准胝(じゅんてい)観音、千手(せんじゅ)観音を加えた六観音の信仰や、さらにこれに不空羂索(ふくうけんさく)観音を加えた七観音の信仰が生じた。これらの観音像の変化相はヒンドゥー教の影響を受けたもので、十一面観音は多面の変化像であり、不空羂索観音は多臂(たひ)の超人的な変化像である。さらに絶大な威神力をもつ救済の期待が千手観音の成立となるなど、信仰が造像のうえに変化を生じさせた。また説話上では、観音の住処がインドのポータラカPotalaka(補陀落(ふだらく))山であるという信仰が生まれる。インドではポータラカは南インドのコモリン岬であると場所を特定するが、中国では浙江(せっこう)省舟山(しゅうざん)列島の普陀山(ふださん)、日本では紀州(和歌山県)熊野の那智山(なちさん)とする考えがある。要するに観音の霊場が補陀落山であるという考え方に変わっていく。またチベットでは、ラサのダライ・ラマの住処がポータラカであるとされ、ダライ・ラマは観音の化身(けしん)と信じられてチャン・レー・シク(チベット語で「観音」の意)とよばれる。なお、日本の日光という地名は、補陀落から転訛(てんか)した二荒(ふたら)を音読、好字をあてたものである。

 このように観音信仰はインドから中央アジアに伝わり、中国、チベット、朝鮮半島、日本へと広がったが、それは法顕(ほっけん)や玄奘の旅行記からも知られる。中国では6世紀から9世紀にかけて、観音関係の経典が続々と翻訳され、それに伴って各種の観音信仰が盛んになった。

 日本においては律令(りつりょう)国家の精神的支柱となった玄昉(げんぼう)の筑紫(つくし)(福岡県)観世音寺千手観音、実忠(じっちゅう)の東大寺二月堂十一面観音、道鏡(どうきょう)の下野(しもつけ)(栃木県)薬師寺如意輪観音などのような密教的な観音像に対する信仰がみられる。正倉院古文書には『観音経』や陀羅尼(だらに)の書写、あるいは古記録に残る観音像造立の記録などが残っているが、現存するものとしては、法隆寺の百済(くだら)観音像や四十八体仏中の辛亥(しんがい)年銘(651)の観音菩薩立像が代表的な上代の観音像である。この時代の観音信仰は、天災、疫病あるいは兵乱の鎮定という現世利益(げんぜりやく)を期待して、国家的受容の形で行われた。その後10世紀ころになると、観音信仰は抜苦与楽を願う個人的な信仰へと移っていく。ここに霊験(れいげん)の多い観音霊場が求められ、観音を本尊とする寺院の建立が盛んになり、長谷寺(はせでら)、石山(いしやま)寺、清水(きよみず)寺、粉河(こかわ)寺などが有名となった。さらに観音三十三身に数をあわせた西国三十三所の霊場信仰がしだいに定着する。近世になると、坂東(ばんどう)三十三所、秩父(ちちぶ)三十三所など地方的な札所巡礼が盛んになる一方、儀式のうえにも説話文学にも観音信仰が浸透していった。

[壬生台舜]

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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