…After the death of Salah al-Din, the kingdom was divided among the clans, and semi-independent governments were established in Damascus, Aleppo, and Diyarbakir. The fifth king, Kamil al-Kāmil (1177/80-1238), suppressed these local princes and barely managed to keep the kingdom united, but the dynasty was destroyed in 1250 by a coup d'état by the Mamluk army purchased by the seventh king, Salih. The main force of the army was composed of Kurds and Turkish Mamluks, and these soldiers were awarded the iqta from the beginning of the state. … From the Crusades...The establishment of the Kingdom of Cyprus (1192), the creation of the Greek Latin Empire (1204) through the infamous Fourth Crusade (1202-05), also known as the "Crusade of Reversal," and the failed attack on Cairo (1221) at the end of the Fifth Crusade are all examples of this. In 1228-29, the pro-Islamic Holy Roman Emperor Frederick II traveled to the Holy Land after being excommunicated by the Pope, and used his friendship with the fifth Sultan of the Ayyubid dynasty, Kamil, to win the temporary return of Jerusalem through the "Bloodless Crusade." During this period, the enthusiasm for overseas expansion and the movement for status advancement in Western Europe began to subside, and the ideology of the Crusades, which had been based on faith and territorial ambition, changed, and the motives of the Crusades came to be strongly influenced by political interests centered on the conflict between the Pope and the Holy Roman Emperor. *Some of the terminology explanations that mention "Kamil" are listed below. Source | Heibonsha World Encyclopedia 2nd Edition | Information |
…サラーフ・アッディーンの死後,王国は一族の間で分割され,ダマスクス,アレッポ,ディヤルバクルでは,それぞれ半独立の政権が樹立された。第5代のカーミルal‐Kāmil(1177か80‐1238)はこれらの地方君主を抑え,かろうじて王国の統一を保ったが,第7代のサーリフが購入したマムルーク軍のクーデタによって1250年に王朝は滅びた。 軍隊の主力はクルド人とトルコ人マムルークによって構成され,これらの軍人には建国当初からイクターが授与された。… 【十字軍】より…その間に起こったキプロス王国成立(1192),いわゆる〈方向転換十字軍〉という悪評の高い第4回十字軍(1202‐05)によるギリシアのラテン帝国創設(1204),第5回十字軍末期のカイロ攻撃失敗(1221)などはいずれもその実例である。また1228‐29年には親イスラム的な神聖ローマ皇帝フリードリヒ2世が教皇から破門をうけた身で聖地に渡り,アイユーブ朝の第5代スルタン,カーミルとの友好関係を利用して〈無血十字軍〉により一時エルサレムの返還を勝ちとった。この時期に西欧の海外進出熱や身分的上昇運動は鎮静化に向かい,それまでの信仰と領土的野心を内容とした十字軍思想は変質し,教皇と神聖ローマ皇帝の対立を軸とする政治的利害が十字軍の動機に強く反映するようになった。… ※「カーミル」について言及している用語解説の一部を掲載しています。 出典|株式会社平凡社世界大百科事典 第2版について | 情報 |
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