Value judgment - Kachihandan

A type of normative judgment in relation to factual judgment, it is an evaluation judgment that gives a positive or negative evaluation to human actions, character, or objects in a broad sense. A typical form of value judgment is one in which the object of evaluation is the subject, such as "this book is good (bad)," to which is added a predicate of the value that evaluates this object. On the other hand, evaluation judgments are distinguished into economic, aesthetic, ethical, etc., depending on the type and relevance of the object, and in particular, when it comes to the evaluation of actions, distinctions and mutual connections are taken into consideration depending on the individual evaluation of the action itself, the motive for the action, the purpose, etc.

On the other hand, among the predicates of evaluation, there are distinctions such as the most comprehensive "good" or "virtue" that is related to the purpose or motive of an object or action, "right" or "correct" that is directed at the action itself, and other terms such as "beauty" and "true". Evaluation has a unique function that cannot be reduced to facts, but on the other hand, it requires standards for evaluation and factual judgments that state these standards, and shows various connections and similarities with other normative judgments such as obligations and commands.

[Takahide Toshita]

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

事実判断に対する規範的判断の一種で、人間の行為、性格、広義の対象に、積極的、消極的評価を与える評価判断をいう。典型的な価値判断の形式は「この本はよい（悪い）」のように、評価の対象を主語とし、それに、この対象を評価する価値の述語を加えたものである。一方において評価判断には、対象の種類や関連に応じて、経済的、美的、倫理的などの区別が行われ、とくに行為に対する評価には、行為自体や行為の動機、目的などへの個別的評価に応じて、さらに区別と相互の連関が問題にされる。

　他方、評価の述語にも、事物や行為の目的や動機にかかわる、もっとも包括的な「よい」または「善」を筆頭に、行為自体を対象とする「正しい」または「正」や、その他「美」「真」などが区別される。評価は事実に還元されない独自の機能をもつが、他方、評価の基準とこの基準を述べる事実判断を必要とし、また、義務、命令などの他の規範的判断との間に種々の関連と異同を示す。

［杖下隆英］

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