Circle of Willis

Japanese: ウィリス動脈輪 - うぃりすどうみゃくりん
Circle of Willis

This refers to the ring of arteries at the base of the brain, also known as the cerebral arterial circle.

[Mizuo Kagawa]

Physiology

There are two systems of arteries that supply nutrients to the brain: the internal carotid artery system on the left and right sides of the neck, and the vertebral basilar artery system, which is formed by the vertebral arteries on the left and right sides of the neck joining together inside the skull to form the basilar artery. The circle of Willis serves as a collateral blood circulation route between these two systems of arteries. In other words, near the sella turcica at the base of the brain, they communicate with each other through arteries with a diameter of 1 to 2 millimeters, forming a ring-like shape like a circular line. Because of this anastomosis, even if blood flow obstruction occurs in one or two systems of blood vessels, blood flows in through the arteries that communicate with the other system, providing some compensation to prevent severe cerebral ischemia. For example, even if one of the internal carotid arteries or vertebral arteries becomes blocked when the head is tilted to the side, no symptoms of cerebral ischemia (such as transient hemiplegia or loss of consciousness) are observed. Conversely, if symptoms of cerebral ischemia appear, it is suspected that the circle of Willis is not functioning normally.

It is said that this was discovered by the Italian anatomist Gabriel Fallopius (1523-62), who worked with Vesalius and is also known for his description of the fallopian tubes, and that the British anatomist T. Willis described its clinical significance in 1664.

[Mizuo Kagawa]

Circle of Willis Occlusion

Occlusion of the circle of Willis is characterized by a hazy, smoky image on angiography of the base of the brain, and was first reported by Tatsuyuki Kudo in 1956. It has since come to be called moyamoya disease. Many aspects of the disease, such as its etiology, remain unknown, and the name has not yet been standardized. It is a rare disease, occurring in 1 in 1 million people per year. It is particularly common in Japanese people, but rare in foreigners, and is distributed throughout the world, mainly in Asia. The male-female ratio is 2:3, with a slight female predominance. There is a juvenile type that affects children under 15 years of age, and an adult type that is common in people in their 30s and 40s, and it is designated as a specified disease (incurable disease). In children, it develops as ischemia, mainly TIA (transient ischemic attack), or epileptic seizures, and in adults, it develops as intracerebral hemorrhage.

The characteristic of this disease is that both the left and right internal carotid arteries are blocked near the circle of Willis, which corresponds to their peripheral parts, and abnormal arterioles appear in a network at the base of the brain, which look like hazy smoke on angiograms. Therefore, the above-mentioned symptoms associated with cerebral ischemia are usually seen. However, the network vessels at the base of the brain are fragile and prone to rupture, and hemorrhagic attacks are not uncommon. For this reason, the symptoms are diverse, with cerebral ischemic attacks and intracranial hemorrhagic attacks added. As no effective treatment has yet been established, symptomatic treatment is the norm, but recently, there have been attempts to actively increase blood flow by performing vascular anastomosis on ischemic lesions in the brain, and considerable therapeutic effects are expected. In other words, since cortical and subcortical blood flow is reduced, STA-MCA bypass (superficial temporal artery-middle cerebral artery anastomosis) is considered to be a good indication. In cases where there are no blood vessels that can be bypassed, a method is used in which blood vessels in the dura mater (EDAS) or temporal muscle (EMS) are directly transposed onto the brain surface, and blood flow from the external carotid artery system is directed to the internal carotid artery after waiting for new blood vessels to form. These methods are believed to improve ischemia, reduce stress on abnormal blood vessels in the basal ganglia, and prevent bleeding.

[Mizuo Kagawa]

[References] | Willis | Incurable Disease | Moyamoya Disease

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

脳底部で動脈が輪状に連なっている部分をいい、大脳動脈輪ともよばれる。

[加川瑞夫]

生理

脳に栄養を送る動脈には、頸部(けいぶ)の左右にある内頸動脈系と、同じく左右にある椎骨(ついこつ)動脈が頭蓋(とうがい)内で合して脳底動脈となる椎骨脳底動脈系の2系統があり、それぞれ支配領域を異にする。ウィリス動脈輪は、この両系統の動脈間の副血行路として役だっている。すなわち、脳底部のトルコ鞍(あん)の近くで、直径1~2ミリメートルの動脈により互いに交通しあい、ちょうど環状線のように輪状となっている。この吻合(ふんごう)のため、1系統または2系統の血管系に血流障害がおこっても、他系統から交通しあっている動脈を通じて血液が流入し、重篤な脳虚血に陥らないように、ある程度代償されるようになっている。たとえば、頭を横に傾けると片方の内頸動脈や椎骨動脈が閉塞(へいそく)するようなことがおきても、脳虚血症状(一過性の片麻痺(へんまひ)や意識障害など)がみられないのはこのためであり、逆に脳虚血症状が現れる場合はウィリス動脈輪が正常に機能していないことが疑われるわけである。

 なお、これを発見したのはイタリアの解剖学者で、ベサリウスとともに活躍し卵管の記載でも知られるファロピウスGabriel Fallopius(1523―62)といわれ、1664年にイギリスの解剖学者T・ウィリスがその臨床的意義について記載したとされる。

[加川瑞夫]

ウィリス動脈輪閉塞症

ウィリス動脈輪閉塞症は、脳底部の血管撮影像で、煙のようなもやもやした特徴のある像がみられ、1956年(昭和31)に工藤達之により初めて報告された。その後モヤモヤ病moyamoya diseaseともよばれるようになった。病因など不明な点が多く、名称の統一もまだされていない。年間100万人に1人の発生率で、まれな疾患である。日本人にとくに多く、外国人には少ないが、アジアを主として全世界に分布する疾患である。また、男女比は2対3でやや女性に多い。15歳未満の幼小児を侵す若年型と、30~40歳代に多い成人型があり、特定疾患(難病)に指定されている。小児ではTIA(一過性脳虚血発作)を主とする虚血ないしは、てんかん発作で発症し、成人では脳内出血で発症する。

 この疾患の特徴は、左右両側の内頸動脈がその末梢(まっしょう)部に相当するウィリス動脈輪の近くで閉塞しており、脳底部に異常な細動脈が網状に現れ、それが血管撮影像ではもやもやした煙のようにみえることである。したがって、前述のような脳虚血に伴う諸症状がみられるのが普通である。しかし、脳底部にみられる細網血管は脆弱(ぜいじゃく)で破綻(はたん)しやすく、出血発作をおこすことも少なくない。このため、症状も脳虚血発作に頭蓋内出血発作が加わり、多彩なものとなる。まだ有効な治療法が確立されておらず対症療法が主となるが、最近、脳の虚血病巣に対して手術的に血管吻合術などを行い、積極的に血流を増加させる試みもみられ、かなりの治療効果が期待されている。すなわち、皮質、皮質下の血流が減少していることからSTA―MCAバイパス(浅側頭動脈―中大脳動脈吻合術)のよい適応と考えられる。バイパスを行いうる血管のない場合には、硬膜の血管(EDAS)、側頭筋の血管(EMS)などを直接脳表に転置し血管の新生を待って外頸動脈系の血流を内頸動脈に導こうとする方法が行われる。これらの方法によって虚血を改善することができ、基底核部異常血管へのストレスを軽減して、出血をも予防することができると考えられている。

[加川瑞夫]

[参照項目] | ウィリス | 難病 | モヤモヤ病

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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