Malignant tumor - malignant tumor

Japanese: 悪性腫瘍 - あくせいしゅよう
Malignant tumor - malignant tumor

A general term for tumors that have malignant characteristics. A tumor (neoplasm) is a mass or lesion that occurs when abnormal cells that arise in the body deviate from normal control and continue to grow autonomously. Tumors are broadly divided into benign and malignant, and malignant tumors are generally used as a synonym for "cancer." Comparing the two, malignant tumors have the following characteristics:

(1) Compared to benign tumors, malignant tumors have a greater degree of morphological change (atypia) from normal cells and tissues.

(2) Malignant tumors grow faster than benign tumors, and while benign tumors rarely recur, malignant tumors often recur.

(3) Benign tumors grow by pushing aside surrounding tissues (expansive growth), whereas malignant tumors often grow by infiltrating and spreading between tissues and cells (invasive growth).

(4) Benign tumors do not metastasize (distant metastasis), in which the tumor travels from the primary site and grows in new tissue, whereas malignant tumors often metastasize.

(5) Benign tumors often only have a mild effect on the entire body, whereas malignant tumors have a severe effect not only on the organ in which they originate but also on the entire body, eventually becoming life-threatening.

Malignant tumors are further divided into "carcinomas," which have characteristics of epithelial cells such as those found in skin, mucous membranes, and secretory glands, and "sarcomas," which are derived from non-epithelial cells such as blood vessels, muscles, fat, bones, cartilage, nerves, and connective tissues. In a broad sense, sarcomas also include leukemia and lymphoma, which are derived from hematopoietic cells. In rare cases, mixed tumors consisting of both epithelial and non-epithelial tumor cell components are also seen. In the narrow sense, the term "cancer" can refer only to carcinomas, but pathologically it refers to malignant tumors that include carcinomas and sarcomas, and is often used as a general term for these.

[Kiyotaka Watanabe January 19, 2018]

[References] | Cancer | Tumor | Metastasis | Benign tumor

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

悪性の特徴をもつ腫瘍の総称。腫瘍(新生物neoplasm)とは、体の中に生じた異常な細胞が本来の制御を逸脱して、自律的に増殖し続けることによって生じる腫瘤(しゅりゅう)、病変をさす。腫瘍は良性のものと悪性のものとに大別され、悪性腫瘍は一般に「がん」と同義語として用いられる。両者を比較すると、悪性腫瘍には次のような特徴が認められる。

(1)悪性腫瘍は良性腫瘍に比して、正常な細胞、組織との形態の変化の度合い(異型性)が強い。

(2)悪性腫瘍は良性腫瘍に比して発育の速度が早く、良性腫瘍はほとんど再発しないのに対して、悪性腫瘍はしばしば再発する。

(3)良性腫瘍は周囲の組織を押しのけて増殖する「膨張性(拡張性)発育」の形をとるのに対して、悪性腫瘍は組織や細胞の間に浸潤して広がる「浸潤性発育」の形をとることが多い。

(4)良性腫瘍では、原発部位から離れた場所に運ばれて新たに発育する「転移(遠隔転移)」が起こらないのに対し、悪性腫瘍ではしばしば転移が起こる。

(5)良性腫瘍は全身への影響がしばしば軽度であるのに対し、悪性腫瘍は、発生した臓器ばかりでなく全身に重篤な影響を及ぼし、やがては生命を脅かす。

 悪性腫瘍はさらに、皮膚や粘膜、分泌腺(せん)など上皮性細胞の性格をもつ「癌(がん)(がん腫)carcinoma」と、血管や筋肉、脂肪、骨、軟骨、神経、結合組織などの非上皮性細胞に由来する「肉腫sarcoma」に分けられる。造血細胞に由来する白血病やリンパ腫も広義には肉腫に含まれる。まれに上皮、非上皮双方の腫瘍細胞成分からなる混合性腫瘍もみられる。「がん」という呼称は、狭義にはがん腫のみをさすこともあるが、病理学的にはがん腫、肉腫を包括した悪性腫瘍を意味し、これらの総称として用いられることが多い。

[渡邊清高 2018年1月19日]

[参照項目] | がん | 腫瘍 | 転移 | 良性腫瘍

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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