...Film critic HA Potamkin pointed out in Theatre Guild magazine (1930) that Griffith's first "artistic" use of close-ups was in The Nets Mender (1912) starring Mary Pickford. However, according to his autobiographical memoir Billy Bitzer, His Story (1973) of cameraman Billy Bitzer (1872-1944), who worked with Griffith for 16 years from 1908, Griffith's Enoch Arden (1911) was the first to use a dramatic close-up, which captures a single decisive moment in the depictions of films at the time, which were dominated by long and full-frame shots, and omits everything else. At the same time, the technique of "Iris" also had the same intention as the close-up, for example, encircling only the face of a person captured at bust size to highlight only her expression, or encircling a part of Long's landscape seen through binoculars in the shape of binoculars to highlight the appearance of the person. In any case, in the sense that he used the close-up as part of "montage" and liberated film from spatial constraints, Griffith can be said to be the true originator of the close-up. *Some of the terminology that mentions "Iris (movie)" is listed below. Source | Heibonsha World Encyclopedia 2nd Edition | Information |
…映画評論家H.A.ポタムキンは,《シアター・ギルド》誌(1930)で,メリー・ピックフォード主演《網を繕う人》(1912)でグリフィスが初めてクローズアップを〈芸術的に〉使ったと指摘しているが,1908年から16年間グリフィスに協力したカメラマン,ビリー・ビッツァー(1872‐1944)の自伝的回顧録《ビリー・ビッツァー,ヒズ・ストーリー》(1973)によると,グリフィスの《イノック・アーデン》(1911)で,ロングとフルサイズを主体にした当時の映画の描写の中に,決定的な1点を瞬間的にとらえて挿入することによって他のすべてを省略する劇的なクローズアップを使ったことになっている。と同時に,例えばバストサイズでとらえられた人間の顔だけを円で囲んでその表情だけを浮き上がらせたり,双眼鏡でのぞいて見たロングの風景の一部を,双眼の形に囲んでそのようすを浮彫にするといった〈アイリス〉の技法にもクローズアップと同じ志向が見られた。いずれにしても,クローズアップを〈モンタージュ〉の一環として使い,映画を空間的束縛から解放したという意味では,グリフィスこそ真のクローズアップの創始者ということができる。… ※「アイリス(映画)」について言及している用語解説の一部を掲載しています。 出典|株式会社平凡社世界大百科事典 第2版について | 情報 |
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