neolithic revolution

Japanese: neolithic revolution（英語表記）neolithicrevolution

…Of the three transitions mentioned above, the British VG Child (1936) proposed to define the Neolithic period not as a geological or stone tool manufacturing technology division, but as an economic history division. According to him, the preceding Paleolithic and Mesolithic periods were food gathering economic stages, while the Neolithic period belonged to a self-sufficient food production economic stage, and this great leap, which was no less than the Industrial Revolution, deserves to be called the Neolithic Revolution. The surplus generated by food production eventually gave rise to specialized technicians, which eventually led to the establishment of classes and the birth of cities and nations. …

From [Child]

…He looked for the growth of human population as an indicator of human evolution. He considered the start of plant cultivation and livestock production to be the first revolution in human history, i.e., the Neolithic Revolution, and evaluated the series of phenomena that resulted from this, such as the development of settlements and building materials, the invention of artificial irrigation to increase production efficiency, the development of trade and transportation based on the surplus production that resulted from this, the invention of bronze tools that made it possible for specialized craftsmen to exist and the establishment of a division of labor, and eventually the establishment of cities where they lived and the emergence of a ruling class, as the second revolution, i.e., the Urban Revolution, and argued that these revolutions were achieved in the ancient Orient and Egypt and then spread to the world. And the next third revolution corresponds to the Industrial Revolution. …

From [Agricultural Culture]

...As a result, organized agriculture, which involves the cultivation of crops, emerged, and the culture that developed around agriculture as the basis of its livelihood is known as agricultural culture. Archaeologist VG Child called the emergence of agriculture the "Neolithic Revolution," and compared to the previous stage of hunter-gatherer economy, the agricultural stage saw a remarkable evolution in human society and culture. In particular, it is noteworthy that the stable food production capacity and the dramatic increase in population support led to the emergence of permanent villages and the development of various production techniques and manufacturing techniques, including pottery and weaving. ...

*Some explanations of terms that refer to "neolithic revolution" are listed below.

Source | Heibonsha World Encyclopedia 2nd Edition | Information

Japanese:

…こうして上記3種の転換のうち，地質学的･石器製作技術史的区分ではなく，経済史的区分をもって新石器時代を定義づけることが，イギリスのV.G.チャイルドによって提唱された(1936)。彼によると，先行する旧石器時代，中石器時代が食料採集経済段階であるのに対して，新石器時代は自給自足の食料生産経済段階に属しており，この産業革命に優るとも劣らない大きな飛躍は，〈新石器革命neolithic revolution〉の名に値する。食料生産によって生じた余剰がやがて専門技術者を生み，ついには階級の成立，都市･国家の誕生を促すに至るからである。…

【チャイルド】より

…彼は人類進化の指標を人口の増加に求めた。植物栽培と家畜による食糧生産の開始をもって人類史の第一革命すなわち新石器革命Neolithic Revolutionと考え，その結果として生じてくる定住と建築材の発達，生産効果をあげるための人工灌漑のくふう，それらが生み出した余剰生産をもとに交易と運送機関が発達し，青銅器の発明からくる専業工人などの存在が可能となって分業が成立し，やがて彼らの居住する都市が成立して支配階級が出現する等の一連の現象を第二革命すなわち都市革命Urban Revolutionと評価し，これらの革命が古代オリエントとエジプトで達成されたのち世界に伝播したと主張した。そして次の第三革命が産業革命Industrial Revolutionに相当するという。…

【農耕文化】より

…その結果，作物栽培を組織的に行う農耕が発生し，この農耕を生業の基盤として発展した文化が農耕文化である。考古学者のV.G.チャイルドは，この農耕の発生を〈新石器革命neolithic revolution〉と称したが，それ以前の採集狩猟経済の段階に比べ，農耕の段階になると，人類の社会や文化には著しい進化がみられた。なかでも，安定した食料生産力の確保と人口支持力の著しい向上によって，定着的な村落が発生し，各種の生産技術や土器や織物をはじめとする製作技術の発展したことが，まず注目されねばならない。…

※「neolithic revolution」について言及している用語解説の一部を掲載しています。

出典｜株式会社平凡社世界大百科事典第２版について | 情報

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