Greenhouse effect - Onshitsukouka (English spelling) greenhouse effect

This refers to the effect of the planet's atmosphere on keeping its surface warm. That is, the atmosphere itself is transparent to visible shortwave radiation from the sun, and this radiation that passes through the atmosphere is absorbed by the surface of the Earth. In contrast, some of the longwave radiation (infrared radiation) emitted from the surface of the Earth is absorbed by the atmosphere, and the atmosphere itself also emits longwave radiation, some of which returns to the surface of the Earth. Because of this function of the atmosphere, the average temperature on the Earth's surface is about 15°C, which is 33°C higher than if there was no atmosphere at all. If we compare this function to the glass of a greenhouse, which allows light to pass through but prevents heat from escaping, this phenomenon is called the greenhouse effect, as it is similar to the effect of keeping the heat in.

The components in the atmosphere that have the greatest greenhouse effect are water vapor and carbon dioxide. Carbon dioxide is increasing year by year due to the consumption of fossil fuels and the expansion of agricultural land, and the greenhouse effect is observed to be causing an increase in global temperatures. According to the Fourth Assessment Report of the IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change) (2007), the temperature is expected to rise by 1.8 to 4.0 degrees Celsius over the next 100 years. As an impact of human beings on the natural environment of the atmosphere, the increase in the greenhouse effect caused by the increase in carbon dioxide has become a problem that cannot be ignored. Therefore, the issue of reducing carbon dioxide emissions, which cause the greenhouse effect, was discussed at the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development (Earth Summit) in 1992, and the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) was established. In 1997, the Kyoto Conference on Global Warming Prevention was held in Kyoto, and the Kyoto Protocol, which stipulates measures and measures to prevent global warming, was adopted. However, the increasing greenhouse effect remains a major issue of concern, and international negotiations are underway to reach an international framework agreement on more effective measures to combat global warming.

[Junkichi Nemoto and Takashi Aoki]

"Greenhouse Gases and Global Warming: Impacts, Measures, and Outlook" by Toyoro Ikuta et al. (1989, Agne Shofusha)" ▽ "The History of the Earth's Atmosphere: Exploring its Evolution and Future" by A. Budyko et al., translated by Zenbei Uchishima (1989, Asakura Shoten)" ▽ "The Ozone Layer Has Disappeared" by John Gribbin, translated by Kei Kato (1989, Chijin Shokan)" ▽ "The Heating Earth: Concerns over Abnormal Weather Caused by Global Warming" by Junkichi Nemoto (1989, Nesco)" ▽ "Climate Changes Associated with Increases in Greenhouse Gases 2" edited by the Japan Meteorological Agency (1990, Printing Bureau of the Ministry of Finance)" ▽ "IPCC Global Warming Report: Summary of the Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change" edited and translated by the Kasumigaseki Global Warming Issues Study Group (1991, Chuohoki Publishing)" ▽ "The Earth is getting hotter: The threat of the man-made greenhouse effect," by John Gribbin, translated by Yamakoshi Yukie (1992, Chijin Shokan)" ▽ "Considering the carbon dioxide problem: the reality of the problem and various views on countermeasures," edited by the Energy and Environmental Studies Group, Faculty of Science and Technology, Keio University (1994, Nihon Kogyo Shimbun)" ▽ "The looming global warming," edited by the National Citizens' Council for the Study of the Global Environment and Air Pollution (1996, Kamogawa Publishing)" ▽ "The Kyoto Protocol and our challenge: Japan's second report based on the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change," edited by the Global Environment Department of the Environment Agency (1998, Printing Bureau, Ministry of Finance)" ▽ "Atmosphere and global warming," by John Bain, with Takano Naoyoshi overseeing the Japanese version (1999, Komine Shoten)" ▽ "Iwanami Lectures on Global Environmental Studies 3: Changes in the atmospheric environment," edited by Yasunari Tetsuzo et al., and written by Nakazawa Takakiyo et al. (1999, Iwanami Shoten)" ▽ "The Truth about Global Warming" by Sumi Akimasa (1999, Wedge)" ▽ "Scenarios for Preventing Global Warming in 2010" by Mizutani Yoichi (2000, Jikkyo Publishing)" ▽ "Greenhouse Gas Reduction Technology - Toward Achieving the Goals of the Kyoto Protocol" edited by Nishioka Hidezo, Global Environment Bureau, Ministry of the Environment (2001, Energy Forum)" ▽ "Understanding the Global Warming Issue" edited by Climate Network (2002, Chuohoki Publishing) ▽ "Global Warming - The Filling in of the Jigsaw Puzzle" by Ito Kiminori (2003, Nippon Hyoronsha) ▽ "Global Warming and Japan - Predictions of the Impact on Nature and People, Third Report" edited by Harazawa Hideo and Nishioka Hidezo (2003, Kokon Shoin) ▽ "A Book to Understand Global Warming Predictions" by Kondo Hiroki (2003, Seizando Shoten) "Global Warming Forecast Information Vol. 5" edited by the Japan Meteorological Agency (2003, Meteorological Operations Support Center)" ▽ "El Niño and Global Warming" by Sumi Akimasa (2003, Ohmsha)" ▽ "Further Advances in Global Warming" by Sumi Akimasa (2007, Wedge)" ▽ "Are Global Warming Predictions Correct? by Emori Masata (2008, Kagaku Dojin)" ▽ "The Front Lines of Global Warming" by Konishi Masako (2009, Iwanami Shoten)" ▽ "IPCC Global Warming Fourth Report: Climate Change 2007" edited by the IPCC, translated by the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology, the Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry, the Japan Meteorological Agency and the Ministry of the Environment (2009, Chuohoki)" ▽ "Extremely Abnormal Weather - From 30 Years of Records" by Nemoto Junkichi (Chuko Shinsho)" ▽ "This is How Abnormal Weather Will Progress" by Asai Tomio (Shogakukan Bunko)

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

惑星大気の存在によって、その表面が保温される場合の効果をいう。すなわち、大気自身は太陽からの可視部の短波放射に対しては透明であり、大気を通り抜けたこの放射は地表に吸収される。これに対して、地表から放出される長波放射（赤外線）の一部は大気に吸収され、その大気自身も長波を放出し、この放出されたものの一部は地表に戻ってくる。大気にはこのような働きがあるため、地表の平均気温はおよそ15℃になっているが、これは大気がまったくないときに比べると33℃も高い気温である。このような働きを温室のガラスに例えた場合、ガラスは光線を通すが、内部の熱を逃がさないために保温効果があるということと似ているので、この現象を温室効果という。

　大気中の成分でもっとも温室効果の大きいのは水蒸気と二酸化炭素である。化石燃料の消費や農耕地の拡大などが原因で二酸化炭素は年を追って増大しつつあり、そのための温室効果によって地球全体の気温上昇が観測されている。IPCC（気候変動に関する政府間パネル）第四次評価報告書（2007）によると、今後約100年の間に気温が上昇する範囲は1.8～4.0℃と予想されている。人間が大気という自然に与えている影響として、二酸化炭素の増加による温室効果の増大は無視できない問題となってきている。そのため温室効果をもたらす二酸化炭素の排出量削減に関する問題が、1992年に「環境と開発に関する国連会議」（地球サミット）で討議され、気候変動枠組み条約（気候変動に関する国際連合枠組み条約）が成立した。1997年には京都で、地球温暖化防止京都会議が開催され、地球温暖化防止対策と措置を定めた京都議定書が採択された。しかしその後も、温室効果の増大は、懸案の重要問題であり、さらに効果的な地球温暖化対策のための国際的枠組み合意に向けて国際交渉が進められている。

［根本順吉・青木　孝］

『生田豊朗ほか著『温室効果ガスと地球温暖化――影響と対策、展望』（1989・アグネ承風社）』▽『A・ブディコほか著、内嶋善兵衛訳『地球大気の歴史――その進化と未来を探る』（1989・朝倉書店）』▽『ジョン・グリビン著、加藤珪訳『オゾン層が消えた』（1989・地人書館）』▽『根本順吉著『熱くなる地球――温暖化が意味する異常気象の不安』（1989・ネスコ）』▽『気象庁編『温室効果気体の増加に伴う気候変化2』（1990・大蔵省印刷局）』▽『霞が関地球温暖化問題研究会編訳『IPCC地球温暖化レポート――「気候変動に関する政府間パネル」報告書サマリー』（1991・中央法規出版）』▽『ジョン・グリビン著、山越幸江訳『地球が熱くなる――人為的温室効果の脅威』（1992・地人書館）』▽『慶応義塾大学理工学部エネルギー・環境研究グループ編『二酸化炭素問題を考える――問題の実態と対策に関する諸見解をめぐって』（1994・日本工業新聞社）』▽『地球環境と大気汚染を考える全国市民会議編『しのびよる地球温暖化』（1996・かもがわ出版）』▽『環境庁地球環境部編『京都議定書と私たちの挑戦――「気候変動に関する国際連合枠組条約」に基づく第2回日本報告書』（1998・大蔵省印刷局）』▽『ジョン・ベイン著、高野尚好日本語版監修『大気と地球温暖化』（1999・小峰書店）』▽『安成哲三ほか編、中沢高清ほか著『岩波講座　地球環境学3　大気環境の変化』（1999・岩波書店）』▽『住明正著『地球温暖化の真実』（1999・ウェッジ）』▽『水谷洋一著『2010年地球温暖化防止シナリオ』（2000・実教出版）』▽『西岡秀三編、環境省地球環境局『温室効果ガス削減技術――京都議定書の目標達成のために』（2001・エネルギーフォーラム）』▽『気候ネットワーク編『よくわかる地球温暖化問題』（2002・中央法規出版）』▽『伊藤公紀著『地球温暖化――埋まってきたジグソーパズル』（2003・日本評論社）』▽『原沢英夫・西岡秀三編著『地球温暖化と日本――自然・人への影響予測　第3次報告』（2003・古今書院）』▽『近藤洋輝著『地球温暖化予測がわかる本』（2003・成山堂書店）』▽『気象庁編『地球温暖化予測情報第5巻』（2003・気象業務支援センター）』▽『住明正著『エルニーニョと地球温暖化』（2003・オーム社）』▽『住明正著『さらに進む地球温暖化』（2007・ウェッジ）』▽『江守正多著『地球温暖化の予測は「正しい」か？』（2008・化学同人）』▽『小西雅子著『地球温暖化の最前線』（2009・岩波書店）』▽『IPCC編、文部科学省・経済産業省・気象庁・環境省訳『IPCC地球温暖化第四次レポート――気候変動2007』（2009・中央法規）』▽『根本順吉著『超異常気象――30年の記録から』（中公新書）』▽『浅井冨雄著『異常気象はこう進む』（小学館文庫）』

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