Swedish astronomer and physicist. After studying at Uppsala University and obtaining his doctorate, he spent a short time at the Stockholm Observatory, but continued to teach at his alma mater, where he was a professor from 1858 until his death. His achievements span a wide range of fields, including optics, heat conduction, geomagnetism, and the aurora, but he is best known for establishing the method of spectral analysis. By the 1850s, he had experimentally confirmed that each element had its own spectral line, and had elucidated the mechanism of absorption lines before Kirchhoff. From 1861 onwards, he performed spectral analysis of sunlight, confirming the presence of hydrogen and other elements. He used a diffraction grating in place of Kirchhoff's prism to create a spectral line score based on the most accurate wavelength measurement at the time (1868), laying the foundations of modern spectroscopy. The unit of length he used at that time, one billionth of a centimeter, is still named after him today. [Kunio Goto] [References] | | | | |Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
スウェーデンの天文学者、物理学者。ウプサラ大学に学び、学位取得後、短期間ストックホルム天文台で研修したほかは、一貫して母校の教壇に立ち、1858年以降、没年まで教授職にあった。業績は光学、熱伝導、地磁気、オーロラなどの研究と多方面にわたるが、もっとも有名なのはスペクトル分析手法の確立である。1850年代までに、各元素には固有のスペクトル線が対応することを実験で確認し、キルヒホッフに先だって吸収線のメカニズムを解明していた。1861年以降は太陽光のスペクトル分析を行い、水素その他の元素の存在を確認した。彼はキルヒホッフのプリズムに対して回折格子を用い、当時としてはもっとも精度の高い波長の測定によるスペクトル線譜を作製して(1868)、近代分光学の基礎を築いた。その際彼が用いた長さの単位、1億分の1センチメートルには、今日も彼の名がつけられている。 [後藤邦夫] [参照項目] | | | | |出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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