Old Russian (English spelling)

Japanese: Old Russian(英語表記)OldRussian
Old Russian (English spelling)

... At the end of the 10th century, Christianity adopted the liturgical language, Old Church Slavonic, of South Slavic origin, along with the Cyrillic alphabet, and this led to the creation of a standard written language, which by the 14th century had produced many documents. The language is called Old Russian, but it shows many unique features, such as full vocalization -- the doubling of vowels ( o,e) before and after interconsonant liquids (r,l), as in Slavic root words * gord ( * indicates a reconstructed or posited form) and Old Church Slavic word grad (grad; Old Church Slavic word gorod; fortress, city), the disappearance of nasal vowels (,ȩ), and the use of št or žd in Old Church Slavonic root words *tj, * dj, * kt, * gt in Old Church Slavonic, while Old Russian uses č or ž. On the other hand, Old Russian shared many of the older characteristics with Old Church Slavonic, such as the dual category (which covers all nouns, adjectives, numerals, pronouns, and verbs) and the vocative case of nouns (only singular), and a system of seven tenses for the indicative verb tense: present, imperfect past, aorist, perfect, past perfect, future, and future perfect.

*Some of the terminology explanations that mention "Old Russian" are listed below.

Source | Heibonsha World Encyclopedia 2nd Edition | Information

Japanese:

… 10世紀末にキリスト教とともにその典礼言語である南スラブ起源の古教会スラブ語(古代教会スラブ語)をキリル文字とともに受け入れ,それを契機として標準的な書きことばが生まれ,14世紀までに多くの文献資料を残した。その言語を古期ロシア語Old Russianと呼ぶが,母音重複full vocalization――スラブ基語*gord(*は再構・措定形であることを示す),古教会スラブ語gradに対し古期ロシア語gorod(城塞,都市)などのように子音間の流音(r,l)の前後に母音(o,e)が重複する現象――や鼻母音(,ȩ)の消失,スラブ基語の*tj,*dj,*kt,*gtに古教会スラブ語はštまたはždで対応するのに対し,古期ロシア語はčまたはžで対応するなど,多くの独自性を示している。その一方,古期ロシア語は古教会スラブ語と共通して,双数(両数)のカテゴリー(名詞,形容詞,数詞,代名詞,動詞のすべてに及ぶ)と名詞の呼格(単数のみ)があり,動詞直説法の時称(時制)体系が現在,未完了過去,アオリスト,完了,過去完了,未来,未来完了の7種類に及ぶなど,古い特徴を多く保っていた。…

※「Old Russian」について言及している用語解説の一部を掲載しています。

出典|株式会社平凡社世界大百科事典 第2版について | 情報

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