…Although it varies by country and era, the commonly known titles are Duke, Marquis, Earl, Viscount, and Baron (English in parentheses). Of these, the titles Duke and Earl are historically the oldest, dating back to the Old Germanic military commander dux (German: Herzog, French: Duc) and the Frankish king's official authority to govern, especially judicial authority, in each district, comes (German: Graf, French: Comte). With the development of the feudal system, both titles lost their official character and became the titles of feudal lords, with Duke occupying the highest rank among the king's direct vassals. … *Some of the terminology that mentions "duc" is listed below. Source | Heibonsha World Encyclopedia 2nd Edition | Information |
…国と時代により差異はあるが,一般に知られている爵位は,公(デュークduke),侯(マーキスmarquis),伯(アールearl),子(バイカウントviscount),男(バロンbaron)の5位階である(かっこ内は英語)。これらのうち,公と伯の呼称が歴史的に見て最も古く,それぞれ古ゲルマンの軍事統率者であるドゥクスdux(ドイツ語はヘルツォーク,フランス語はデュクduc),フランク国王の統治権とりわけ裁判権を地方管区ごとに執行する役人としてのコメスcomes(ドイツ語はグラーフ,フランス語はコントcomte)とにさかのぼる。封建制度の発達にともなって,両者はいずれも官職的性格を失って,封建諸侯の称号となり,公は国王の直属封臣のうち最高の位を占めた。… ※「duc」について言及している用語解説の一部を掲載しています。 出典|株式会社平凡社世界大百科事典 第2版について | 情報 |
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