In ethology, it is defined as "a certain stimulus or a complex of stimuli that cause instinctive activity or mood," and is translated as releaser or releaser. Until a certain point, social releaser, which was often used to distinguish it from releaser, meant "a certain characteristic or complex of an organism that acts on individuals of the same or different species and causes them to behave instinctively." The red belly of the male stickleback during the breeding season is a releaser for the aggressive behavior of males of the same species, the sex pheromone released by female silkworm moths is a releaser for the sexual pursuit behavior of males, and the distressed cries of chicks are a releaser for the rescue behavior of mother chickens towards their chicks. A term very similar to releaser is sign stimulus (key stimulus, signal stimulus). Sign stimulus is a stricter concept that is included in releaser, but today it is almost synonymous with releaser, making it difficult to distinguish between them. Zoologist Lorenz called a physical or behavioral characteristic (shape, color, sound, scent, gesture, behavior, etc.) of an individual animal a releaser if it activates a specific chain of instinctive behaviors in other individuals of the same species. Releasers have evolved under selective pressure oriented to satisfy the biological demand that they must be simple and specific, thereby ensuring that innate behaviors are released easily and without error between individuals of the same species. However, this has also allowed the characteristics of releasers to be imitated between different species, and the evolutionary expression of behaviors called mimicry, such as brood parasitism. There are also many known examples of super-normal releasers, such as eggs that are larger and have more noticeable patterns than the parent bird's own eggs, being more effective as releasers for the incubation behavior of parent birds. In humans, larger breasts and pupils than normal have stronger sexual appeal. The mechanism of instinctual behaviors caused by releasers was explained by a concept called the innate releasing mechanism, proposed by German zoologists Uexküll and Lorenz and summarized by Dutch zoologist Tinbergen. The core of this mechanism is the idea that a sensory system (keyhole) that recognizes a specific stimulus (key) corresponding to a specific behavior is genetically present in the nervous center of an animal. One of the characteristics of responses released by releasers is the phenomenon of heterogeneous summation. For example, the mating behavior of male killifish is released by multiple stimulus characteristics such as the shape, size, and movement speed of the female, which work in a complementary manner. Many behavioral types (behavioral patterns) of social behaviors such as display are external expressions of nervous excitement (such as screaming and body color change) or completely different behaviors (such as preening and feeding) that have been transformed into releasers with new communication functions for fellow individuals (threat, courtship, appeasement, greetings, etc.). This process of transformation in the evolution of instinctual behaviors is called ritualization. [Tatsumi Uematsu] [References] | | | |Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
動物行動学(エソロジーethology)では、「本能的活動または気分(ムードmood)を引き起こす一定の刺激またはその複合体」と定義し、解発因または解発体と訳される。ある時期までは解発因と区別して使われることが多かった社会的解発因social releaserは、「生物体の一定の特徴またはその複合体をさし、同種または異種の個体に働きかけ、それに本能的行動を引き起こすもの」をさしていた。 繁殖期のイトヨ(トゲウオの仲間)の雄の赤い腹は同種の雄の攻撃行動の、カイコガの雌の出す性フェロモンは雄の性的追跡行動の、ひよこの悲痛な叫び声は母親ニワトリの雛(ひな)に対する救援行動のそれぞれリリーサーである。リリーサーとよく似た用語にサイン刺激(鍵(かぎ)刺激、信号刺激)がある。サイン刺激はリリーサーに含まれるより厳密な概念であるが、現在ではほとんどリリーサーと同義に使われ、区別は困難である。 動物学者ローレンツは、ある動物の個体がもっている身体的・行動的特性(形態、色彩、音、香り、身ぶり、行動など)が、同種他個体の特定の本能行動の連鎖を発動させている場合、その特性をリリーサーとよんだ。リリーサーは単純でかつ特殊でなければならないという生物学的要求を充足するように方向づけられた淘汰(とうた)圧を受けて進化し、それによって生得的行動が同種個体間で、容易にしかも誤りなく解発されることを保証している。しかし、このことは異種間などでリリーサーの特徴が模倣され、托卵(たくらん)などの擬態とよばれる行動の進化発現をも可能にした。また、親鳥の抱卵行動のリリーサーとしては、自分の卵よりも大きくて目だった模様のある卵がより有効であるというような超正常解発因super-normal releaserの例も多く知られている。人間では、正常なものよりも大きな乳房や瞳(ひとみ)などが性的により強い魅力をもつ。 リリーサーによる本能行動の発現機構は、ドイツの動物学者ユクスキュルとローレンツが提唱し、オランダのティンバーゲンがまとめた生得的解発機構innate releasing mechanismとよばれる概念で説明された。この仕組みの中核は、動物の神経中枢には特定の行動に対応した特定の刺激(鍵)を認識する感覚系(鍵穴)が遺伝的に存在しているという考えである。リリーサーによって解発される反応の特徴の一つに異質的加重の現象がある。たとえば、メダカの雄の配偶行動は、雌の形や大きさ、運動速度など複数の刺激特性によって解発され、それらが相補的に働いている。誇示displayなどの社会行動の行動型(行動パターン)は、神経興奮の外的表現(叫び声や体色変化など)や、まったく別の行動(羽繕い、摂食など)が仲間個体に対して新しい伝達機能(威嚇、求愛、なだめ、挨拶(あいさつ)など)をもったリリーサーに変容したものが多い。このような本能行動の進化における変容過程を儀式化とよんでいる。 [植松辰美] [参照項目] | | | |出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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