Date of birth and death unknown. Founder of Jainism. One of the leading free thinkers of ancient India, active in the 6th to 5th century BC, or the 5th to 4th century BC, contemporary with Gautama Buddha (Shakyamuni). Mahavira is an honorific that originally means "great hero", and his real name was Vardhamāna. He was born in Kunda village near Vaishali city in Magadha (present-day Bihar state) to a Natha warrior class (kshatriya) family. His father was Siddhārtha and his mother was Triśalā. It is said that he married young and had a daughter, or that he remained single all his life, but at the age of 30 he became a monk and joined the group of shamons (anti-Brahmanical ascetics) known as the Nigantha sect. For this reason, he was also called Nigantha-Nataputta (a person of the Nigantha sect of Natha). After twelve years of nudity and severe asceticism, he attained perfect wisdom and became a Jina (a victorious one). Jainism means the teachings of the Jinas. He traveled around for the next thirty years, spreading his teachings and dying at the age of 72 in the village of Pābā near the city of Pataliputra (now Patna). According to Jain belief, he was the 24th Tirthankara (Jina). The 23rd Tirthankara, Pārśva, was probably a real person who led the Nigantha sect, and Mahāvīra is believed to have refined his teachings to establish Jainism. Mahavira faced the painful reality of the world in which "living things harm other living things," reflected on it, and preached strict asceticism, such as ahimsa (non-killing), in order to eliminate the karma that is the cause of suffering and restore the original, pure self. As a characteristic of his ideology, he took the position of "relativism," which holds that things can only be recognized relatively and that truth should be expressed in various ways through words, and he is known for his dislike of categorical judgments and statements. Mahavira's religion, along with Buddhism, later grew into a religion that represents unorthodox Brahmanism, and continues to influence Indian society in various ways to this day. [Michihiko Yajima, May 21, 2018] [References] |Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
生没年不詳。ジャイナ教の開祖。紀元前6~前5世紀、または前5~前4世紀、ゴータマ・ブッダ(釈迦(しゃか))と同時代に活躍した古代インドの代表的な自由思想家の一人。マハービーラとは本来「偉大な英雄」を意味する尊称で、本名はバルダマーナVardhamānaという。マガダ(現、ビハール州)のバイシャーリー市近郊のクンダ村で、ナータ人の武士階級(クシャトリヤ)の家に生まれた。父親はシッダールタSiddhārthaといい、母の名はトリシャラーTriśalāであったという。若くして結婚して1女をもうけたとも、また生涯独身であったともいわれるが、30歳で出家し、ニガンタ派とよばれる沙門(しゃもん)(反バラモン教的出家行者)の群れに身を投じた。このため彼はニガンタ・ナータプッタ(ニガンタ派のナータ出身者)ともよばれた。12年間裸体を守り、厳しい苦行を続けた結果、完全な智慧(ちえ)を体得してジナ(「勝利者」の意)となった。ジャイナ教とは「ジナの教え」を意味する。その後30年間遍歴しつつ教えを説き広め、72歳でパータリプトラ(現、パトナ)市近郊のパーバー村において生涯を閉じたとされる。ジャイナ教徒の信仰によると、彼は第24番目の祖師ティールタンカラ(ジナ)であるという。第23祖パールシュバPārśvaはおそらくニガンタ派を率いていた実在の人で、マハービーラはその教えを改良してジャイナ教を確立したとみられる。 マハービーラは「生き物によって生き物が傷つけられる」苦悩の現実世界を直視し、反省して、苦しみの原因である業(ごう)(カルマ)を除去して汚れのない本性的自己を回復するため、不殺生(ふせっしょう)(アヒンサー)などの徹底した禁欲主義を守るべきことを説いた。また思想的な特徴としては、事物は相対的にのみ認識されうるものであり、真理はことばによって多様に言い表されるべきものであるという「相対主義」の立場をとり、断定的判断・言表を嫌ったことで知られる。マハービーラの宗教は、その後仏教とともに、非正統バラモン教思想を代表する宗教に成長し、今日に至るまでインド社会のなかでさまざまな形で影響を与え続けている。 [矢島道彦 2018年5月21日] [参照項目] |出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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